Transcript bones and muscles

Physical Education
Theory
4 Major Functions
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The four major functions of the skeleton are:
1. Shape and support
2. Movement
3. Protection
4. Blood Production
Try to remember: Should Mothers Protect Babies
• Shape and Support - This is our body's framework, it
provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and
allows us to have a good posture.
• Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones which
allow movement. The skeleton has a variety of different joints which
allow a wide range or mobility
• Protection -
Protects our delicate organs. SKULL protects the
BRAIN. RIB CAGE protects the HEART and LUNGS. The SPINAL
COLUMN protects the SPINAL CORD
• Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are
produced in the bone marrow found in bones such as the ribs,
humerus and femur. RED CELLS carry oxygen to the muscles to
enable them to work. They are red in colour because they carry
HAEMOBLOBIN. WHITE CELLS fight infection in the body. Blood is
also made up of PLASMA (Largest constituent of blood) and
PLATELETS (Helps blood clot).
Skull
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
Pelvis
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Radius
Ulna
Carpals and
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals and
Metatarsals
Phalanges
NAME THE BONES
Bone Names
1.Skull
2.Scapula
3.Clavicle
4.Humerus
5.Pelvis
6.Sternum
7.Ribs
8.Vertebrae
9.Radius
10. Ulna
11. Carpals and Metacarpals
12. Phalanges
13. Femur
14. Patella
15. Tibia
16. Fibula
17. Tarsals and Metatarsals
18. Phalanges
Remember where the bones are
The Arm
Radius - thumb side lower
Ulna - finger side lower
Humerus - upper
The Chest
Sternum - breast
Ribs - named by side and number
Clavicle - collar
Scapula - shoulder
The Hand
Phalanges - fingers
Metacarpals - hand
Carpals - wrist bones
The Leg
Fibula - small lower
Tibia - large lower
Petella - knee
Femur - upper
Pelvis - the "hip"
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The Foot
Phalanges - toes
Metatarsals - foot
Tarsals - ankle
Bone Classification
• There are over 200 main bones in the body and over 100
joints. There are THREE basic types of bones in the
human body. Their size and composition are related to
their different jobs.
1) Long Bones
2) Flat Bones
(Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Tibia, Fibula)
(The Scapula, Sternum, Patella and Skull)
3) Irregular Bones
(Vertebrae, Metatarsals and Metacarpals)
Fact - The Femur is the longest bone in the body. It is stronger weight for
weight than steel and is able to withstand forces of up to two tons per
square inch when the body takes part in physical activity
Joints
Movement of the skeleton is helped by joints.
These are particularly helpful for sporting actions
and activities. These can be separated into
FOUR categories of joints.
Ball and Socket joint
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Pivot joint
Ball and Socket
• Two examples of this joint in the human body are the
hip and shoulder joints. The rounded head of one bone
fits into a cup-shaped socket of another. This joint
allows the greatest range of movement.
Pelvis
Femur
Ball and Socket
The Shoulder Joint (Ball and Socket)
Hinge
Two examples of this type of joint include those found at the knee and
elbow.
1) If you move hand towards and away from you.
2) If you move your leg as if you were about to kick a ball.
You will find that the movement of the joint can only occur in one way
(direction) just like the hinge of a door!!
Radius
Humerus
Ulna
Gliding
• In this type of joint, two surfaces which are flat rub
against each other. These small bones can move
over one another to increase flexibility of the hands
for example. They are stopped from moving too far by
strong ligaments.
Carpals
Pivot
• This joint is made when one bone twists against another (Ring on
a peg). These are found in the spine. They also allow the head to
turn, raise and lower. Extremely important for keeping balance
and awareness
Types of Movement
• There are many types of movement that
the skeleton and muscles can produce.
The following are the most common:
• Flexion
• Extension
• Rotation
• Abduction
• Adduction
Types of Movement
• FLEXION – Bending the joint. E.g. Bending the
knee of elbow. BALL and SOCKET and HINGE
are the main joint types that can produce this
movement.
Examples of FLEXION are bringing foot back to kick a ball, bending
over to touch your toes and bringing arm back to throw a dart. But
where and what joint is performing the movement?
Types of Movement
• EXTENSION of a joint is where the joint is
straightened. BALL and SOCKET and hinge
are the main joint types that can produce this
movement.
Straightening the leg when running or striking a ball are
examples of EXTENSION and the knee (HINGE JOINT)
Types of Movement
• The ROTATION movement can occur at a
BALL and SOCKET and a PIVOT joint. e.g.
turning the head or the movement at the
shoulder when swimming backcrawl.
Why can a rotation movement not occur at the knee?
Types of Movement
• ABDUCTION and ADDUCTION movements can be
produced by BALL and SOCKET joints. ABDUCTION is
where a limb moves away from the centre of the body.
ADDUCTION is where the limb is moved TOWARDS
the centre of the body.
A Karate Kick is a
good example of
ADDUCTION and
ABDUCTION
Physical Education
• Factors Affecting Participation and Performance
• Muscles and their function
3 Types of Muscle
• In the Human Body there are 3 different types
of muscle. These are:
• Involuntary Muscles – Also known as smooth
muscles. These are found in the internal organs such
as the intestine. The are named as such because we
do not have conscious control over them.
• Cardiac Muscles – These are only found in the heart,
we cannot control it either and it is constantly working.
It enables blood to be pumped from the heart to the
body.
• Voluntary Muscles – Can be called skeletal muscles
or striped muscle. It enables use to move and is under
our control.
The Major Muscle Groups
Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
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Deltoid - Raises your arm sideways at the shoulder.
Biceps - Bends your arm at the elbow.
Triceps - Straightens your arm at the elbow joint.
Abdominals - Pull in the abdomen. Flex the spine so you can bend
forward.
Pectorals - Raises your arm at the shoulder. Draws it across your chest.
Latissimus Dorsi (lats) - Pulls your arm down at the shoulder. Draws it
behind your back.
Trapezius - Holds and rotates your shoulders. Moves your head back and
sideways.
Quadriceps - Straighten the leg at the knee. Keep it straight when you
stand.
Hamstrings - Bend your leg at the knee.
Gluteals - Pull your leg back at the hip. Raise it sideways at the hip.
Gastrocnemius - Straightens the ankle joint so you can stand on your
tiptoes.
How the Muscles Move
• Muscles are attached to two different bones by
tendons. When the muscle contracts only one bone
moves.
• The place where the muscle is attached to the
stationary bone is called the ORIGIN. The place
where the muscle is attached to the moving bone is
called the INSERTION.
ORIGIN
INSERTION
How the Muscles Move
• Muscles can only pull. To make
a joint move in two direction, you
need two muscles that can pull
in opposite directions.
• Antagonistic muscles are pairs of
muscles that work against each
other. One muscle contracts
(agonist, or prime mover) while
the other one relaxes
(antagonist) and vice versa.
• The origin is where the muscle
joins the fixed bone. The
insertion is where it joins the
moving bone. On contraction,
the insertion moves towards the
origin.
Remember what ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS Do!!!!!
Muscles for Endurance and Power
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Muscles are made up of fibres. All individual voluntary muscle fibres
are either fast twitch or slow twitch and these are good for different
things. Fast Twitch for Power, Slow Twitch for Endurance
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Fast twitch fibres contract very quickly and very powerfully, but they get
tired quickly as they run out of oxygen in under 10 seconds. They are
useful for sprinting and weightlifting or other activities requiring aerobic
exercise.
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Slow twitch fibres contract more slowly and with less force, but they
don't get tired as quickly and can replace some of the oxygen that is
used. They are useful for jogging and endurance activities.
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Everyone has a similar number of muscle fibres, but the proportion of fast
twitch and slow twitch fibres that people have differ. You cannot change
the amount of slow or fast twitch muscle fibres that you have.
Does this mean sprinters are born or trained?