Transcript Jazz (1890-Present)

JAZZ (1890-PRESENT)
Organized Chaos
WHAT’S GOING ON IN AMERICA?
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Segregation

Prohibition
SLAVERY AND SEGREGATION
By the end of Slavery: more than 400,000 came from
West Africa and brought African music with them
 Southern Plantations
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Field Songs – Call and Response, Chanted, Rhythmic –
became the basis of both Jazz and Blues
End of Slavery in 1865
 Segregation limited employment opportunities for
African-Americans
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Many worked in entertainment especially as musicians
Civil war: Surplus of Bass and Snare Drums
PROHIBITION (1920-1933)
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Outlawed the Sale of Alcohol
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Passage of the 21’s Amendment to the Constitution
Speak Easys
Illicit Night club
 Illegally served alcohol
 Played Jazz music
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Jazz Music as Immoral
Older Generations believed it corrupted moral values
 Believed it was a gateway to an immoral life
 News Papers ran false news articles
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Jazz is used to Scare off animals
 Jazz was responsible for Heart Attacks
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NEW ORLEANS IN THE EARLY 1900’S
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Before Jazz, musicians
played in Funeral Marching
bands
Brought talents to night
clubs
Storyville
Red-light district around
Basin Street
 Hosted Bars and Brothels
 Hired Jazz bands
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New Orleans, a southern
port city
Tourists often went to
Storyville
 Nationwide tourism, spread
Jazz
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THE ELECTRIC GUITAR
Rickenbacker’s “Frying Pan”
 First Truly Electric Guitar (1931)

LES PAUL
Pioneer of the Solid Body
Electric Guitar
 Innovator of Multiple Guitar
Techniques for Jazz

Licks: Regurgitated phrases used
in solos
 Trill: Rapid alternation between
two adjacent notes
 Jazz Chord Sequencing
 Jazz timing


Only person inducted into both
the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
and the National Inventors Hall
of fame
WHAT IS JAZZ – WHERE DID IT COME FROM?
Considered a “Truly American Art”
 New Orleans and the Post-Civil War South
 Mixture of African and European music

Brass Marching Band
 Ragtime
 Blues
 African music

WHAT IS JAZZ – WHAT DOES IT SOUND LIKE?
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Rhythm centric
Polyrhythm
 Syncopation
 Swing notes

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Use of a small band
Typically pieces from a marching band
 Brass, piano, Strings (guitar/bass), Vocals
(sometimes)
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Group Interaction

Improvisation – Continued next slide
WHAT IS JAZZ - IMPROVISATION

What is Improvisation
Music structure arranged
 Musicians “make up” other parts

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Contrasting Classical Music
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Musicians play music as written
Songs can be interpreted in very different ways
based on the performers:
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Mood
Personal experiences
Interactions with the other musicians
Audience interaction
And many other factors
CAB CALLOWAY – MINNIE THE MOOCHER (1931)
NINA SIMONE
Began music at an early age
 Blend of Gospel and Jazz
 Skilled Pianist
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Prominent Civil Rights Activist

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Heavily influenced by Classical
music, especially J.S. Bach
Can be heard in her music
Dozens of Artists have cited her
as heavily influencing their
Music including:

David Bowie, Elton John, Aretha
Franklin, Adele, Alicia Keys and
many more
NINA SIMONE – SINNERMAN (1965)
THE MAJOR TYPES OF JAZZ
Dixieland
 Cool Jazz
 Bebop & Hard-Bop
 Smooth Jazz
 Bossa Nova
 Big Band Swing

DIXIELAND JAZZ (TRADITIONAL JAZZ)
The traditional form of Jazz
 Developed in the 1900’s – 1910’s
 Departure from traditional marching music by
the use of a stringed bass instead of a tuba for
the primary bass sound
 Primary Instruments used:
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Trumpet
Trombone
Clarinet
Drums
Guitar or banjo
Stringed Bass
Piano
LOUIS ARMSTRONG –
WHEN THE SAINTS GO MARCHING IN (1938)
COOL JAZZ (WEST COAST JAZZ)

Incorporates Classical Music

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Inspired by the chamber music of the Baroque era
Developed in the 1940’s

San Francisco and Los Angeles
Lighter Tones and Relaxed Tempos
 Primary Instruments
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Drum
Piano
Trumpet
Trombone
Saxophone
Double Bass
MILES DAVIS – MOON DREAMS (1957)
BEBOP & HARD-BOP
Developed in the 1940’s
 The Antithesis of Cool Jazz
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Fast Tempo
 Rapid Chord Changes
 Multiple Key Changes

Inspired by Blues, Gospel, and R&B
 Primary instruments
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Piano
Saxophone
Trumpet
Trombone
Drums
Double Bass
THELONIOUS MONK & COLEMAN HAWKINS
ON THE BEAN (1944)
SMOOTH JAZZ

Down-tempo
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Developed in the 1960’s
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Relaxing sound
Popularized in the 1980’s
Key element is the use of the synthesizer
Primary Instruments
Guitar
 Saxophone
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Especially the Soprano Sax
Synthesizer
Bass Guitar
Piano
Trumpet
Fulte
Drums
KENNY G – SONGBIRD (1986)
BOSSA NOVA
Brazilian Jazz
 Developed in the 1950’s
 Rhythmic
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Swaying feeling
Primary Instruments
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Classical or Acoustic Guitar
Piano
Organ
Bass
Drums
ASTRUD GILBERTO & STAN GETZ –
GIRL FROM IPANEMA (1964)
BIG BAND SWING
1920’s &1930’s
 Prominent Drum and
Bass


Leads a small brass
orchestra, sometimes
included woodwind
and/or strings
Made as Dancing
Music
 Soloists improvise
over an anchor
rhythm

DUKE ELLINGTON – TAKE THE A TRAIN (1939)
SWING REVIVAL
Retro Music for the
1990’s
 Mix with the retro Rocka-billy Style
 Smaller horn section
 Centered around a
traditional rock band

Guitar
 Bass Guitar
 Full Drum Kit
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BIG BAD VOODOO DADDY – GO DADDY-O (1994)