Transcript GCSE PE REVISION POWERPOINTx

GCSE PE REVISION
YEAR 11
GCSE PE REVISION
Benefits of exercise can be………….
1. SOCIAL
2. MENTAL
3. PHYSICAL
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EXPLAIN THESE TERMS…
1. PHYSICAL CHALLENGE
1. ASTHETIC APPRECIATION
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• INFLUENCES ON A PERSONS INVOLVEMENT IN
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ARE….
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cultural
Health and Well-being
Image
People
Socio-economic
6. Resources
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ROLES IN SPORT
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SPORTS PARTICIPATION PYRAMID
Elite/
Excellence
Performance
Participation
Foundation
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FITNESS
HEALTH
EXERCISE
state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity”
The ability to meet the demands of the
environment
Planned, structured and repeated body
movements done to improve one or
more components of physical fitness
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QUESTION TIME
If you are physically fit does this mean that you
are healthy? Explain your answer
WON THE TOUR DE
FRANCE 7 TIMES IN A
ROW!
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HEALTH RELATED
Cardiovascular fitness
Muscular Strength
SKILL RELATED
Power
Coordination
Reaction time
Muscular Endurance
Agility
Flexibility
Body Composition
Balance
Speed
Principles of Training
SPECIFICITY
PROGRESSIVE OVERLOAD
REST AND RECOVERY
INDIVIDUAL NEEDS
FITT
Threshold
• *
120%
Increasing the amount of physical work you do in order
to increase your fitness
100%
• * Similar to progressive overload, however it gives a clear
80%guideline for safe working levels (provided the individual is
healthy)
60%
• * Suggested that the average performer should train
40%between 60 and 80 per cent of their maximum heart rate
•20%How do we work out maximum heart rate?
0%
0-10 minutes
10-20 minutes
20-30 minutes
30-40 minutes
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GOAL SETTING:
•
•
•
•
•
SPECIFIC
MEASURABLE
ACHEIVABLE
REALISTIC
TIMEBOUND
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FARTLEK
CROSS TRAINING
CIRCUIT
Methods of
training
WEIGHT TRAINING
CONTINUOUS
INTERVAL
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AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC
Components of a Healthy Diet
TASK: unscramble the words below:
7. BFIER
1. CSAERTBOHDRAY
6. TEWRA
2.EIPRONT
5. MINRAELS
4. MIVITNSA
3.TAF
Components of a Healthy Diet
The answers….
7. FIBRE
1. CARBOHYDRATES
6. WATER
2.PROTEIN
5. MINERALS
4. VITAMINS
3.FAT
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MACRO NUTRIETS
• Needed in large amounts in
your diet
MICRO NUTRIENTS
• Needed in small amounts
• Vitamins and minerals
• CHO, fat, protein
TIMING OF DIETARY INTAKE
VASCULAR SHUNT MECHANISM
•
When you exercise blood is needed at the muscles
•
The vascular shunt mechanism is where the blood vessels contract at places where
the blood is not needed so readily to force the blood ( shunt it) to places it is
needed like your muscles during exercise and your digestive system when you
have just eaten
•
You get a stitch as a result of not leaving enough time
between eating and doing physical activity as not enough
blood goes to the digestive system as it is needed more
readily at the muscles
SOMATOTYPES
• Describe the different body types
(Somatotypes)
• Explain the effects each can have on
participation and performance.
• Identify activities where different
body types are an advantage.
SOMATOTYPES
ECTOMORPH
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•
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Tall
Thin
Narrow shoulders
and hips
Example athletes:
high jumpers, long
distance runners
MESOMORPH
•
•
Muscular physique
Wide shoulders,
narrow hips
•
Example athletes:
Sprinters,
swimming, rowing
ENDOMORPH
Short
Dumpy
 Narrow shoulders,
wide hips
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Example athlete:
sumo wrestlers
Optimum Weight in Sport
• What do we mean by the term Optimum Weight?
• What are the factors that affect Optimum Weight?
• How can Optimum Weight affect performance and
participation in Physical Activity? (Use the two pictures
below)
• How do you lose weight?
OPTIMUM WEIGHT
Optimum Weight - Weight at which you perform at your best
Height – Taller people are usually, although not always, heavier than shorter
people.
Gender – Men and women have different body composition.
Men tend to have more muscle and larger bones.
Bone Structure – Bodies have different bone structures, sometimes referred to as
Frame Size.
Muscle Girth – As with bone structure, people naturally have different muscle girth
which means that they weigh more.
Genetics – Body weight and shape are largely passed on through genes from
parent to child.
Weight Loss – Decrease Calorie intake (Diet), Increase Calorie Expenditure, BOTH
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• Explain the terms below.
• Explain how these conditions may affect
physical activity.
OVERFAT
Performance Enhancing Drugs
• What are the two different categories of
drugs.
• Explain the impact of performance-enhancing
drugs on wellbeing and performance and why
some performers might risk using them to
enhance performance.
• Explain the effects of smoking and alcohol on
general health.
Performance-Enhancing Drugs
There are two main categories of drugs:
- Performance-enhancing
- Recreational
Performance enhancing drugs can enhance a person’s
performance in some way, either in physical activity and training,
or daily life. Performance-enhancing drugs include:
ALL DRUGS SHOULD NOT BE PERMITTED
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Anabolic steroids
Beta blockers
Diuretics
Narcotic analgesics
Stimulants
Peptide Hormones (erythropoietin/EPO)
TYPE OF DRUG
EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE
SIDE EFFECT
ANABOLIC STEROIDS –
Drugs that mimic the male
sex hormone testosterone
and promote bone and
muscle growth.
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•
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BETA BLOCKERS – Drugs
that are used to control
heart rate.
• Reduce stress and
anxiety levels
• Lower heart ratecalming effect
• Help in target sports
e.g. Snooker / Shooting
• Lowers heart rate to
dangerous levels
• Nausea and diarrhoea
• Tiredness
• Depression
• Insomnia & nightmares
DIURETICS – Drugs that
elevate the rate of urine
production
• Increase rate of
urination
• Lose weight faster
• Masking agent
• Dehydration – can
cause dizziness, muscle
cramps, headaches and
nausea
• Long term effects of
kidney damage
Increase muscle mass
Develops bone growth
Increases strength
Train harder
Recover
quicker
DRUGS
Produce results quickly
• Deepen voice
• Facial hair growth
• Increased risk of heart
attacks and strokes
• High blood pressure
• Liver disease
• Muscle injury
• Death
TYPE OF DRUG
EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE
SIDE EFFECT
NARCOTIC ANALGESICS –
Drugs that can be used to
reduce pain.
• Reduce the feeling of
pain by depressing the
central nervous system.
• help athletes return to
sportDRUGS
more quickly
after injury
• E.g. heroin,
methadone, pethidine,
morphine.
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•
•
•
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Make injuries worse
Loss of concentration
Loss of balance
Loss of coordination
Emotional effects,
including hallucinations
STIMULANTS – Drugs that
have an effect on the
central nervous system,
such as an increased
mental and / or physical
alertness.
• Enables athletes to
think more quickly
• Help to overcome
tiredness & effects of
lactic acid
• E.g. amphetamines and
cocaine (Cold
medicines), nicotine
and caffeine.
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Insomnia
Irritability
Irregular heart beat
Increased heart rate
High blood pressure
Addiction
TYPE OF DRUG
EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE
SIDE EFFECT
PEPTIDE HORMONES
• Increase muscle growth • EPO thickens the blood
INCLUDING EPO – Drug
• Help with recovery
• Makes it more difficult
that causes other
• Increase the number of
for blood to pass
hormones to be produced.
red blood cells which
through small
allows
capillaries and
DRUGS
1. The body to carry
increases the risk of
extra oxygen
heart attacks and
2. Disperse waste
strokes.
products and lactic
acid
• Increases athletes
aerobic capacity which
is useful in endurance
based events
•
• Smoking damages the
cardiovascular system, in particular
the heart.
• Reduces Aerobic Fitness
•
• Stimulant which raises alertness
•
and is highly addictive
Alcohol is banned in shooting and archery,
where it may be used as a sedative (have a
calming effect). Also banned in motor sports,
as it slows down reaction times.
Causes dehydration from increased urine.
The long-term effects of alcohol include a
form of liver damage known as cirrhosis
Risk Assessment and
Preventing Injuries
Explain how the following reduces risk of
injury in physical activity
1.Warming up / Cooling Down
2.Checking Equipment and Facilities
3.Correct Clothing
4.Balanced Competition
5.Playing within the rules of the
competition
6.PAR-Q
EXPLAIN THIS
PREVENTING INJURIES
SPRAIN
STRAIN
DISLOCATION
CONCUSSION
TENNIS ELBOW
GREEN STICK FRACTURE
STRESS FRACTURE
SIMPLE FRACTURE
GOLFERS ELBOW
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Key terms:
KEY TERM
EXPLANATION
Heart Rate
Number of times the heart beats per
minute
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood ejected from the
heart per beat
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood ejected from the
heart per minute
Blood pressure
Force exerted by the circulatory blood
against the blood vessel walls
Cholesterol
Fatty substance carried in the blood by
lipoproteins which comes in 2 forms
(HDL/LDL)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
IMMEDIATE
EFFECTS
LONG TERM
EFFECTS
HEALTH EFFECTS
Increased working heart
rate
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Healthier arteries and
veins
Increased blood
pressure
Increased stroke volume
Increased cardiac
output
Vascular shunting of
blood to working
muscles
Lower resting heart rate Reduced chance of CHD
Quicker recovery rate
Increases HDL and
lowers LDL
Lower blood pressure at Lower blood pressure=
rest
lower chance of angina,
strokes etc
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
SMOKING
• Increases Heart rate
• Reduces the amount of HDL
In the blood
• Increases the tendency for
the blood to clot
ALCOHOL
• Chronic alcohol can cause
hypertension
• Damage the heart tissue
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Key terms:
KEY TERM
EXPLANATION
ALVEOLI
Air sacs where gaseous exchange take
place
TIDAL VOLUME
The amount of air expired and inhaled
with each normal breath
VITAL CAPACITY
The amount of air that can pass in and
out of the lungs through maximum
inhalation and exhalation
OXYGEN DEBT
The extra oxygen consumed during
recovery compared to that consumed at
rest
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
IMMEDIATE
EFFECTS
LONG TERM
EFFECTS
Increased Breathing rate
Improved efficiency of
the lungs
Increased depth of
breathing
More alveoli become
available for gaseous
exchange
Oxygen debt created if
working anerobically
HEALTH EFFECTS
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
SMOKING
• Damages the alveoli
• Cause lung cancer due to
build up of tar
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Muscular system
DELTOIDS
PECTORALS
TRAPEZIUS
BICEPS
ABDOMINALS
QUADRICEPS
TRICEPS
LATISSIUMUS
DORSI
GLUTEALS
HAMSTRINGS
GASTROCNEMIUS
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Muscular System
JOINT MOVEMENTS:
MOVEMENT
EXPLANATION
FLEXION
Angle at the joint is getting
smaller
EXTENSION
Angle at the joint is getting
bigger
ABDUCTION
Movement away from the
body
ADDUCTION
Movement towards the body
ROTATION
Movement around the joint
PLANTAR FLEXION
Pointing toes downwards
DORSI FLEXION
Toes pointing upwards
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
BICEPS:
FLEXION AT
THE ELBOW
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
TRICEPS:
EXTENSION
AT THE
ELBOW
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
DELTOIDS:
ABDUCTION
AT THE
SHOULDER
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
LATISSIMUS DORSI:
ADDUCTION
AT THE
SHOULDER
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PECTORALS:
ADDUCTION
AND ROTATION
AT THE
SHOULDER
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
TRAPEZIUS:
ROTATION OF
THE SCAPULAR
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
ABDOMINALS:
FLEXION OF
THE TRUNK
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
GLUTEALS:
EXTENSION AT
THE HIP
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
QUADRICEPS:
EXTENSION AT
THE KNEE
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
HAMSTRINGS:
FLEXION AT
THE KNEE
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
GASTROCNEMIUS:
PLANTAR
FEXION
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
How muscles work:
Muscles work in pairs. One muscle contracts (AGONIST) While the other
relaxes (antagonist) Together they are known as an ANTAGONISTIC PAIR
AGONIST
BICEP
QUADRICEP
PECTORALS
DELTOIDS
ANTAGONIST
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
TYPES OF MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS:
1. ISOMETRIC
1. ISOTONIC
IMMEDIATE AND LONG TERM EFFECTS ON
THE MUSCLULAR SYSTEM
IMMEDIATE/SHORT TERM
EFFECTS
LONG TERM EFFECTS
LACTIC ACID MAY BUILD UP IF
WORKING ANEROBICALLY
INCREASE IN MUSCLE SIZEHYPERTROPHY
INCREASE IN FUEL DEMANDGLYGOGEN
INCREASE IN MUSCULAR
STRENGTH/ENDURANCE
FATIGUE
INCREASE IN POWER
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
Movement
Provides muscles an
attachment to allow
movement.
Shape & Support
Determines whether we
are short or tall.
It keeps us upright
Protection
Some bones protect
internal organs.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
TYPES OF JOINTS: BALL AND SOCKET
•ALLOW THE BONE TO MOVE
ROUND A 360 DEGREE ANGLE
•ALLOWS FLEXION, EXTENNSION,
ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION AND
ROTATION
•EXAMPLES= SHOULDER JOINT
AND HIP JOINT
SKELETAL SYSTEM
TYPES OF JOINTS: HINGE
•ALLOW MOVEMENT BACKWARD
AND FORWARD
• (FLEXION AND EXTENSION)
•EXAMPLES= KNEE JOINT, ELBOW
JOINT, FINGERS
SKELETAL SYSTEM
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
1.Increased bone density
2.Stronger ligaments and tendons
MOST BENEFICIAL TYPE OF EXERCISE=
WEIGHT BEARING
SKELETAL SYSTEM
OSTEOPOROSIS
SKELETAL SYSTEM
HELPING PREVENT OSTEOPOROSIS
EXAM TIPS
• READ THE QUESTION AT LEAST TWICE AND UNDERLINE THE KEY
PARTS OF THE QUESTION
• DO NOT ABREVIATE- IE QUADS
• FOR THE 6 MARK QUESTIONS WRITE A PLAN AND THINK ABOUT
STRUCTURE IE START WITH AN INTRO IF POSSIBLE. REMEMBER
SPELLING AND GRAMMAR COUNT
• DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANKS!
• CHECK HOW MANY MARKS THE QUESTION IS WORTH.THIS WILL
HELP YOU TO KNOW HOW MANY DIFFERENT POINTS ARE NEEDED.
• LOOK FOR THE BUZZ WORD IE INFLUENCES/ROLES/BENEFITS,JOINT
ACTION