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Systems of the Body Integumentary Muscular Skeletal The Integumentary System __________ The largest organ in the body; outer covering of the human body. 3 Main Functions: 1. ___________________ - water tight covering - protects internal organs and tissues - first line of defense (bacteria) - protects against UV Rays 2. _________________________________________ - How? 3. _________________________________________ - Which one? The Skin has 3 Main Layers 1. ____________ - outer, thinner layer - Dead cells make up this layer; slough off - New cells rise to the surface - ____________ - gives skin its color; the more the skin has, the darker the skin; production increases with exposure to the sun, resulting in a tan -melanin helps protect the skin from UV rays 2. ____________ middle layer of skin, thick - Determines thickness of the skin in different areas - Gives skin its elastic, spongy quality; as you age the elasticity increases, causing wrinkles _______________ produce oil called sebum, prevents skin from drying out _______________ sweating regulates body temperature; we perspire through pores; there are 2.5 million of these glands in the human body; found all over, but more numerous in the soles of the feet, armpits, palms, and head __________ - for protection and warmth; there are 100,000-200,000 on the head; roots grow out of follicle in the dermis; visible hair is made up of dead cells; on average, each individual hair grows about 6 inches per year for 4 years, then falls out; you lose about 25-100 hairs a day 3.________________________ innermost layer; under the dermis; attaches other parts of the skin to muscle and bone: aka fat or adipose tissue Skin Problems 1.___________ -Caused by pores that are clogged, mostly during adolescence; hormones cause an increase in oil production which encourages bacteria growth; there are more oil glands on the face than any other part of the body - Prevention – keep skin clean; wash with warm water 2.____________________ - Fungus between toes - to prevent to use powder, keep the area dry, change socks (cotton?) and shoes; contagious – use shower shoes in locker room 3.____________ - Caused by a virus; most are harmless, but may spread 4.____________ - Dark brown spots, usually harmless 5._______________ - Fluid under skin caused by friction; if open, care for it to prevent infection – clean thoroughly, use donut or bandage 6. _____________ - Thickened skin 7. Abrasion – 8. Contusion - 9. Laceration – - Stitches within 6-8 hours of a cut 10. Avulsion – - All of us have had an avulsion; How? 11. Incision – 12. Puncture – - ExamplesHair Problems 1.___________ - flaking of outer layer of dead skin on scalp 2.___________ - insects that feed on blood; may be spread Skin Cancer and Premature Aging • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4jgUcx MezM • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKWm7 MCVsFw • Can’t just _______________– travels beneath the skin The Skeletal System Functions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Strong, stable framework for the body Allows for muscle to attach and move Protects internal organs (ribs, skull, eye orbit) Store minerals (calcium and phosphate) Bone marrow produces blood cells (all RBC, most WBC and platelets) 2 Parts of the skeleton: 1.______ - head to torso (80 bones of skull, spine, ribs, sternum); “Axis” 2._________________- limbs (126 bones of shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, feet); “Appendages” 4 Types of Bones 1._____________-arms and legs; have a shaft in middle of two ends; contain bone marrow; (femur) 2._____________-as long as they are wide (wrist and ankles) 3._____________-thin, flat shape; usually protect organs (ribs, skull, scapula) 4.________________-don’t fit in any other category (vertebrae) _________________-strong, flexible connective tissue - gets brittle with age (Glucosamine/Chondroitin Complex) - lines surface of joints to move smoothly - cushions joints (vertebrae); “shock absorbers” - supports nose and ears - baby’s skeleton mostly cartilage, but changes to bone through __________________- bone is formed and repaired (fractures) 7 Types of Joints: where 2 bones meet 1.________________- allow most movement (hip,shoulder) 2._______________ - rotation (1st two vertebrae of neck) 3.________________- oval shaped bone into curved space; wide range of motion except pivotal (wrist and ankle) 4._____________-closely related to ellipsoidal (thumb) 5._____________-bending and straightening only (fingers, knees, elbows: 6.______________- only slight movement (vertebrae, carpals, tarsals) 7._______________- fused together; no movement (skull) Joint Movements 1. Flexion – bending 2. Extension – straightening 3. Abduction – away from midline 4. Adduction – toward midline 5. Rotation – turning around axis 6. Supination – palm up 7. Pronation – palm down 8. Circumduction – limb in circle ______________- Connects bone to bone (MCL, ACL, etc) ______________- Connects muscle to bone Injuries _________________-Any break in a bone (heals through ossification) - Simple/Compound - Hairline – bones are still together - Transverse – bones apart - Commuted – shatters in more than 2 pieces - Stress Fracture – unstable; usually from overuse ________________-Bone leaves its normal position in the joint(usually also a tearing of the ligaments-sprain) ________________-Inflammation of a joint (pain, swelling, stiffness) Osteoarthritis-most common type from wear and tear on joints (in elderly) _________________-Decreased bone density, bones become more brittle The Muscular System Function: 3 Types: 1._____________ - in the walls of the heart; very durable - 72 beats/minute average; 4300/hr; 100,000/day at rest; the more fit you are the slower the RHR; Why? - almost 3 Billion in a lifetime (75 year old) 2._____________ - internal organs 3._____________ - attached to bones to produce movement - more than 600 in the body - most have antagonistic/opposing pairs; one side contracts while the other side relaxes ________________ - strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone “Use It Or Lose It” - ____________-wasting away of muscle/decrease in size if not used; happens very quickly - _____________-natural tension in a muscle; must be active and exercise to maintain; the more a muscle is used, the stronger and more efficient it will become (heart) -______________-enlargement of a muscle in response to training – “hyper” –over, above, excessive “troph” –growth, development Common Injuries: ____________ - bruise ________-tearing or overstretching of a muscle or tendon; “pulled muscle” ____________ - inflammation of a tendon, usually overuse - “itis” – inflammation of (Latin) _______________- involuntary contraction of a muscle - dehydration, fatigue, or trauma/injury- 3 main causes -to help: stretch, drink more water, massage the muscle More injuries: ______________-protrusion of organ/tissue through weak area in muscle (abdominal – intestines go through abdominal wall) _____________- from overexertion – Lactic Acid buildup; pain and stiffness/tenderness in the muscle ____________- Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness – usually begins about 12 hours after activity – usually worst on the 2nd Day, then gets gradually better on 3rd and 4th day; people begin workout, get sore, quit Name the muscle (or muscle group) that performs these movements Hip Extension – Shoulder Abduction – Ankle Extension – Elbow Extension – Knee Flexion – Shoulder Adduction – Knee Extension – Trunk Flexion – Elbow Flexion -