Transcript anatomy _ physiology completex

Anatomical Terminology
Anterior – front of the animal
Caudal – towards the tail of an animal
Cranial – towards the head of an animal
Deep – further from the surface
Distal – part of the limb furthest from the body
Dorsal – along the back or uppermost surface
Frontal plane – body plane that divides the animal into
dorsal and ventral parts
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Lateral – side of an animal
Median – body plane that divides the animal into “equal”
right and left halves
Posterior – rear of the animal
Proximal – part of the limb closest to the body
Sagittal – any body plane that is parallel to the median
plane
Superficial – closer to the surface
Transverse – body plane that divides the body into cranial
and caudal parts
Ventral – along the belly surface
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Dorsal
Cranial
Caudal
Ventral
Proximal
Distal
Anterior
Posterior
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Median
Transverse
Sagittal
Frontal
Deep
Superficial
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
Framework of structures, made of bone and
cartilage that support and protect the body.
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INCLUDES:
 SKULL
 VERTEBRAE
 RIBS
 STERNUM
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
MANY BONES FUSED TOGETHER. THE SOFT
SPOT ON THE TOP IS CALLED A FONTANEL
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CERVICAL – verterbae of neck region
- ATLAS – called C1, first cervical vertebra;
forms the joint that lets you nod “yes”
- AXIS – called C2, second cervical vertebra;
forms the joints that lets you nod “no”
There are 7 cervical vertebrae in all mammals
EVEN GIRAFFES
1.
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“true ribs’ : directly attach to sternum with
cartilage
“false ribs” connect to each other with
cartilage, not the sternum
“floating ribs’ seen in the dog, have cartilage
on the tips but do not attach to anything
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Carnivores tend to have more – probably for
greater flexibility
Herbivores have short, strong backs to
support large digestive and reproductive
organs
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Fused together on ventral side
Herbivores tend to have more strength and
support to the back
Carnivores tend to have less for flexibility
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Used for balance
Become smaller at the end of the tail
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Forelimb
1. scapula – shoulder blade attached with
muscle
2. clavicle – the cat is the only domestic
animal with a clavicle
3. humerus – forms upper arm
4. ulna – forms the elbow joint, fused with
the radius in herbivores
5. Radius – forms the forearm
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6. Carpus – called knee in horses; wrist in dogs
and humans
7. Metacarpals – commonly called cannon region
of forelimb
Number depends on:
Humans -5
Horses 1 + 2 accessory metacarpal
Dogs and cats – 4 plus dewclaw
Cattle – 1 that splits at bottom into cloven hoof
and 2 dewclaws
Pigs – 4 ) 2 toes and 2 dewclaws
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
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9. Internediate phalanx P2
10. Distal phalanx – P3 coffin bone in horses
11 proximal sesamoids – tucked in behind P1
12. Delta sesamoid – tucked underneath P3
Navicular bone in horses
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
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13. Pelvis
Tuber coxae – part of pelvis that forms point
of hip
Ischiatic tuberosity – pelvis that forms “seat
bones”
14. femur
15. patella – stifle in horses, knee in dogs
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16. Tibia main bone of the gaskin of horse
17. Fibula – fused with tibia and considered vestigal in herbivores
18. Tarsus - hock or human ankle
19. Metatarsal – cannon region in hind limb
20. P1
21. P2
22. P3
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Proximal and distal sesamoids
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Axis
Skull
Vertebrae
Cervical
Thoracic
Sacral
Lumbar
Coccygeal
Atlas
Scapula
Pelvis
Humerus
Olecranon
Radius
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Ribs
Tibia
Tarsals
Carpals
Ulna
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Phalanges
Sesamoids
Metacarpals
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
Short bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus
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Flat bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull

Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae

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Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e.
proximal and distal sesamoids, patella
Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide, i.e.
femur, tibia, humerus, etc.
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Diaphysis – body of long bone
Epiphysis – enlarged ends of long bones
Metaphysis – joining point of diaphysis
and epiphysis
Periosteum – thin outer protective layer
of bone
Medullary cavity – space within bone
filled with marrow
Endosteum – thin outer protective layer
lining the medullary cavity
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Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Periosteum
Metaphysis
Bone
marrow
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
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Simple – bone doesn’t break skin
Compound – bone breaks through skin, much
more serious than previous
Complete – fracture goes completely across
the bone
Incomplete – fracture does not go completely
across the bone
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FISSURE: incomplete break along the long
axis of bone
GREENSTICK: incomplete break with one side
of a bone, usually due to a bending force
TRANSVERSE: break across the bone
COMMINUTED: bone shatters in many places
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Fissured
Greenstick
Transverse
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Healing Fractures – bones lay down a material
called fibrocartilage, which gradually turns to bone in a process called
ossification
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Anatomy
The fore limb has two bones between the wrist or carpus and the elbow
joint: the radius and ulna bones.
The radius is the main weight-supporting bone; the ulna bone supports
very little weight.
Small breed dogs have a poor blood supply to the lower fourth of the
radius bone, therefore it is more susceptible to being fractured; also
healing of the fracture can take longer than other bones in the body.
Large breed dogs have a much better blood supply to this region,
therefore a very substantial force needs to be applied to the bone before a
fracture develops.
If the radius fractures, the ulna usually fractures too.
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Muscles are contractile organs responsible for the
voluntary and involuntary movements of animals.
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Skeletal muscle –allows for all voluntary movement,
appears to be striated when looked at under a
microscope.
Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beating of the
heart, appears striated under a microscope.
Smooth muscle – responsible for all other involuntary
movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis,
blinking, etc.
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Ambulation – moving from one place to
another
Abduction – moving away from the median
plane
Adduction – moving towards the median
plane
Flexion – moving the distal part of the limb
towards the body
Extension – moving the distal part of the
limb away from the body
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Muscle Function
ALL muscles can do is CONTRACT or RELAX, so they generally
work in pairs. For any particular action, they muscles involved can be
classified as
AGONIST – prime mover of a joint
ANTAGONIST – opposes movement of the agonist
EX; Arm – AGONIST is the bicep and ANTAGONIST is tricep
Elbow - AGONIST is the tricep and ANTAGONIST is bicep
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Brachiocephalicus
Brachiocephalicus
Masseter
Latissimus
Latissimus
dorsi
dorsi
Trapezius
Trapezius
Gluteals
Pectorals
Pectorals
Deltoid
Deltoid
Triceps
Triceps
brachii
brachii
Intercostal Biceps
Biceps
Intercostal femoris
femoris
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Muscles
Part of the body
Pectorals-latissimus dorsi
Chest and back
Anterior deltoids-posterior deltoids
Front and back of the shoulder
Trapezius-deltoids
Upper back and shoulders
Abdominus rectus-spinal erectors
Abdomen and lower back
Left and right external obliques
Left and right side of the abdomen
Quadriceps-hamstrings
Front and back of the thigh
Tibialis anterior-gastrocnemius
Shin and calf
Biceps-triceps
Top and underside of upper arm
Extensors-flexors
Forearm
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skeletal
cardiac
smooth
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Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Mouth
Larynx
Epiglottis
Tongue
Trachea
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Epiglottis
Larynx
Alveoli
Trachea
Cartilage ring
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
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Where are they
located?
Alveoli
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Cartilage rings
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lungs
Trachea
Purpose of each?
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Locate on the picture
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Larynx
Mouth
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Tongue
Trachea
What also goes into the upper
respiratory system?
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Dendrite
Cell body
(soma)
Myelin sheath
Axon
Synapse
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Meninges
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
gland
Brain stem
Medulla oblongata
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