Small Group PPT 21.2.12 Foot Anklex
Download
Report
Transcript Small Group PPT 21.2.12 Foot Anklex
The Foot and Ankle
21.2.12
Mark Powers,PT,DPT,OCS
NxtGen Fellow-in-Training
[email protected]
Twitter: @PTSkeptic
Objectives
Review anatomy/movements of the ankle/foot region
Review pertinent tests/measures/observations for
patients with ankle/foot conditions
Review common foot/ankle pathologies
Discuss clinical utility of information within this
monograph
Functional Anatomy
Commonly injured: high loads and repetitive loading
during daily activities
A:5 Etiologic Variables
Foot can act as rigid lever or flexible absorbing
structure
Multiple important structures at risk for injury
Joint
Movements-Plane
Ankle
PF/DF-sagittal
Subtalar (talocalcaneal)
Supination
• Inversion-frontal
• Adduction-transvers
• PF-sagittal
Pronation
• Eversion-frontal
• Abd-transvers
• DF-sagittal
Talonavicular
Inversion/eversion-frontal
ADD/ABD-transvers
PF/DF-sagittal
Forefoot
INV/EV-frontal
ADD/ABD-transverse
PF/DF-sagittal
Anatomy
28 bones total
Forefoot (phalanges, metatarsals)
Midfoot (cuneiforms, navicular, cuboid)
Hindfoot (calcaneous, talus)
Talocrural joint
Distal tibia and fibula with trochlea of talus (ankle mortise)
Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion
Increased stability in DF due to shape of trochlea
Ligamentous Support
Anterior Talofibular (ATFL)
Prevents anterior displacement of talus to ankle mortise
Calcaneofibular (CFL)
Inversion and adduction of calcaneus
Posterior talofibular
Taut in ER of talus on ankle mortise
Subtalar joint
Superior boney facets of the calcaneus and inferior
facets on talus
Ligamentous Support:
CFL
Cervical ligaments
Parts of deltoid ligament (medial stability)
Interosseous talocalcaneal
Midfoot
Articulates to hindfoot
Calcaneocuboid joint
Talonavicular joint
Ligamentous Support
Long and short plantar ligaments
Spring ligament
Spring ligament
Prevents talar head from PFing, medial longitudinal arch
form lowering
Involved in flat foot deformities
Midfoot injuries frequently include ligaments stabilizing
2nd metatarsal and medial cuneiform bones
Lisfranc ligament (prevents separations of 1st and 2nd
metatarsal)
Muscle
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles control foot movement
Strength of muscle I proportional to its physiologic
cross sectional area
Based off cross sectional area: triceps surae group
primary ankle plantarflexors
Lateral Compartment
Fibularis longus/brevis
Pronate subtalar joint
Fibularis Longus
PF of 1st metatarsal through its attachment to base of 1st
metatarsal and medial cuneiform bones
Fibularis Brevis
ABD of forefoot
Pronator of subtalar joint
Deep Post Compartment
FHL, FDL, Post Tib “tom, dick, harry”
Posterior Tib
Attaches to navicular and medial cuneiform-supports
medial longitudinal arch
Supinates subtalar joint
Ant Compartment
Dorsiflexors of ankle joint
Tib Anterior, Fibularis tertius, EDL, EHL
Tib Anterior
Dorsiflexion/inversion
Supination subtalar joint
Intrinsic Muscles
PIP flex, MTP flex, ADD/ABD of MTP joints
Arch support and propulsion during walking and
running
Compartment
Muscles
Medial
ABD hallucis, FHB
Central
Quadratus plantae muscle,
FDB, ADD hallucis, lumbricales
Lateral
ABD digiti mini, flexor digiti
mini brevis
Deep compartment
Dorsal and plantar interossei
Longitudinal Arch
Hindfoot pronated=flexible foot
Axes of talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints are
parallel
Hindfoot supinated=rigid lever
Axes are not parallel
Interaction of ligament and muscle forces maintains
bone positions
Multiple foot disorders can affect it’s function
Windlass Mechanisms
Plantar fascia plays key role in supporting medial
longitudinal arch via windlass mechanism
Plantar fascia=maintains medial longitudinal arch
during movement
Tension in plantar fascia directly related to DF of MTP
of toes
Passive DF during gait cycle
PF forces from calcaneal tendon is transferred to
forefoot through plantar fascia
Question Time
Which muscle group is the primary driver behind
propulsion during gait?
A. Foot intrinsics
B. Plantarflexors (triceps surae group)
C. Evertors (fibularis longus/brevis)
D. Dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior)
Answer B-Plantarflexors
Gait Biomechanics
Initial contact: Slight DF, moves to neutral at 10-15% of
stance, DF through mid stance to terminal stance,
rapidly PF’s to toe off
Plantarflexors primary muscles for propulsion/support
during gait
80% of energy required for forward progression
Soleus: decelerates tibia after foot flat (eccentric)
followed by triceps surae for push off
Subtalar Joint Mvt
Moves into pronation from initial contact to foot flat (10-15%
of stance)
Rapidly inverts/supinates during terminal stance (>50%
stance).
Late stance supination may assist with locking the midfoot
Initial contact: Tib Ant eccentrically controls foot to ground
and controls hindfoot in pronation
Coactivation of medial+lateral: controls degree of supination
and pronation of subtalar joint, large role in maintaining
medial longitudinal arch
MLA + Gait
Small/significant ROM during walking
Rising of arch attributed to
Boney anatomy, ligamentous support, muscle actions
Arch raises during late stance phase when ankle power
is high
Passive mechanisms (windlass effects) vs. muscle
Further research required
Hallux Kinematics
1st MTP: considerable ROM during walking and heel
rise
Biomechanical Vital Signs-toe extension
1st MTP DF’s >40 deg at terminal stance during heel
rise
Eccentric contractions of FHL, FHB, ABD hallucis as 1st
MTP absorbs energy
Exam/Eval
Rule out major medical
Rule out spine, Rule out neurodynamics, rule in
peripheral joint
Hypo vs. Hyper
Regional Interdependent variables
Remember: We’re the Movement Experts!
Subjective Exam
Chief complaint, onset, behavior of symptoms, overall
assessment, PMH, patient goals
Establishing foot position during injury may help guide
objective testing
Self-report outcome measures
LEFS, FAAM, VISA-A, CAIT, AII
Objective Exam
Static Foot Posture
Foot Posture Index
Arch Height Index
Navicular Drop Test
Difference >10mm between 2 stance positions indicates
abnormal finding
Lower Quarter Movement Screen!
Functional Testing
Hop Tests
Figure 8
Side-hop
6-meter crossover hop
Square hop
Single Limb Balance Test
Very good reliability with eyes open
Star Excursion Balance Test
Age
Gender
EO
EC
18-39
Male
Female
43.5
43.2
8.5
10.2
40-49
Male
Female
40.4
40.1
7.4
7.3
50-59
Male
Female
36.0
38.1
5.0
4.5
60-69
Male
Female
25.1
28.7
2.5
3.1
70-79
Male
Female
11.3
18.3
2.2
1.9
80-89
Male
Female
7.4
5.6
1.4
1.3
Functional: Single HR
Bilateral and unilateral heel raises to assess foot function
Evaluate # of reps individual can perform
Findings
Athletes mean age of 24=39 heel rises
Older adults 61-80=2-4 heel rises
Kinematics
Heel height
Knee/trunk position
Subtalar joint inversion/eversion
First metatarsal PF/DF
Pressure distribution
ROM
Talocrural Joint: multiple positions (knee bent vs. knee
extended), WBing
Subtalar joint neutral position
Subtalar joint motion
1st MTP joint (Extension!)
Joint Mobility
Multiple joints throughout ankle foot
Focus on end feel
Osteokinematic/arthrokinematic relationship
Special Tests
High number of special tests for foot/ankle complex
External Rotation Test: syndesmotic injury
Thompson Test: Achilles integrity
Fibularis subluxation test
Mulder click test-neuroma
Unilateral heel raise-PTTD
Too many toes sign-PTTD
Common Foot
Problems
Pes Planus
Incidental finding unless correlated with clinical
symptoms
Extreme flat foot in runners associated with specific
injury types
Manual Therapy/Regional Interdependent Variables
Short Foot
Hallux Valgus
Lateral deviation of hallux/medial deviation 1st
metatarsal
Diagnosis: deviation of hallux from 1st MTP >15
degrees
Treatment
Address pathomechanics of hallux valgus
Early: Regain motion
Later: Intrinsic strengthening, proprioception exercises,
functional strengthening
Foot/Ankle Problems
High Ankle Sprains
High exposure to contact sports, skiing
Rotation of talus gaps distal tibiofibular joint damaging
ligaments
DF/ER of tibia on planted foot
Treatment
Progress from protective WBing to more WBing and
advance to sports-specific tasks
Follow phases of healing (protection, subacute, sportsspecific training, return to play)
Lateral Ankle Sprain
New studies suggest:
Short period of immobilization may be recommended in
the future
Trails of early surgical reconstruction of lateral ligament
complex may be investigated
Possible risk factors
Fatigue, balance, DF strength, coordination, positional
and ROM variables
Medical screening! Rule out orthopedic medical!
Question Time!
A patient presents to your clinic via direct access 1 day s/p R ankle
injury. Patient states she “rolled her ankle” on the way down after
spiking a ball during a volleyball game. She presents with point
tenderness over sinus tarsi, edema throughout ankle, ecchymosis
in lateral ankle and lateral foot, and inability to bear weight on R
LE. What is the next appropriate step in the clinical exam?
A. Perform SLS testing to assess proprioception/balance ability and
pain provocation
B. Refer for imaging to rule out fracture
C. Continue with examination including ROM testing and joint
mobility testing
D. Perform thrust manipulation to proximal tib/fib joint and
reassessment pain levels for intersession change
Answer B: rule out for imaging to rule out fracture
Inability to weight is 1 criteria for Ottawa Ankle Rules
suggesting radiograph is recommended to rule out
fracture
A:1 Medical hypothesis
Ottawa Ankle Rules
1. Bone tenderness in malleolar zone
2. Bone tenderness at:
Posterior edge or tip of lateral malleolus
Posterior edge or tip of the medial malleolus
Base of fifth metatarsal
Navicular
3. Inability to weight bear immediately following the injury
and during examination
Grading
Grade 1: no loss of function, no ligamentous instability,
little or no ecchymosis, point tenderness
Grade 2: some loss of function, decreased motion, a +
ant drawer, negative talar tilt test, ecchymosis, swelling,
point tenderness
Grade 3: nearly total loss of function, + ant drawer test
and talar tilt test, diffuse swelling and ecchymosis,
extreme point tenderness
Treatment
Progression is based of grade of sprain
Manual therapy
Post talocrural glides for DF ROM
Proximal tib/fib manipulation
Motor Control/NMR Activities
Higher level strengthening/balance activities
Anterior Impingement
Syndrome
Repeated microtrauma at anterolateral talocrural line
may result in scar tissue formation
Anterior joint pain with forced DF, pain with:
Squatting, stair climbing, walking fast
Treatment:
Improve DF without pain
Manual Therapy
Ankle OA
Occurrence may be increasing due to higher number of
elderly individuals and MVA
Posttraumatic (78%), secondary (13%), primary (9%)
Osteochondral defect on talar dome-importance
prognostic factor for development of ankle osteoarthritis
Treatment
Cane, bracing, viscosupplementation, debridement
Hindfoot Problems
Plantar Fasciitis
Overuse syndrome at origin of plantar fascia
Repetitive loading of central band develops into a fasciosis
Heel spurs may be present
1/10 will experience plantar fasciitis
Most common age 45-64
Risk Factors
Obesity
Decreased DF ROM (strongest predictor)
Time spend on feet at work
Diagnosis
Pain with palpation of proximal plantar fascia insertion
Active and passive talocrural joint DF ROM
Tarsal tunnel syndrome test
Windlass test
Medial longitudinal arch angle
Rule out neurodynamics: tibial nerve!
Treatment
Manual therapy combined with other treatments shown
to be effective
Variety of modalities and stretching vs. manual therapy
combined with therapies
Manual therapy group=greater decreases in pain and
improvements in function
Midfoot Problems
Lisfranc Injuries
Longitudinal forces applied to a plantarflexed ankle/foot
Football linemen
MVA
Direct crush injuries
Treatment depends on severity
No stability: treat with casting or other forms of
immobilization
Internal fixation for instability
Sever disease
Calcaneal apophysitis
Self limiting condition
Traction force from Achilles tendon pulling on bone
fragment that is present before calcaneus fully ossifies
Boys 6-8 yrs old
Treatment
Rest, ice, heel lift, stretching
Most cases resolve completely 2wks-2 months
Forefoot Problems
Hallux Rigidus
Degenerative arthritis of 1st MTP joint
Lateral forefoot pain not uncommon due to load transfer
Grade 0
DF 40-60 deg, normal radiograph, no pain
Grade 1
DF 30-40 deg, dorsal osteophytes, min joint changes
Grade 2
DF 10-30 deg, mild flattening of MTP joint, joint narrowing,
osteophytes
Grade 3
DF <10 deg, severe radiographic changes, moderate to severe
pain, pain at extremes of ROM
Grade 4
Same criteria as grade 3 but pain throughout entire motion
Treatment
Protect and remove irritating stress on joint
Joint mobilizations
Orthotics
Surgical options
Tendinopathies and Ruptures
Insertional Achilles
Tendinopathy
Retrocalcenal bursitis, subcutaneous bursitis, boney
spurs, Haglund deformity
At or near insertion site on calcaneus
Bursa and bone involvement
Less active/overweight
Diagnosis:
Warmth, erythema, swelling, tenderness, crepitus
Radiographs for boney abnormalities
Treatment
Common eccentrics may not be appropriate for this
group due to low fitness levels
Limit ROM to floor during heel lower to avoid
impingement on spurs
Poorer prognosis than noninsertional Achilles
tendinopathy guide treatment by clinical presentation
Question Time!
A 58 year old female presents to your clinic with referral
from physician for “plantar fasciitis, consider
ultrasound.” Patient presents medial foot/ankle pain
with insidious onset 5 months ago, has since
progressed to lateral aspect of foot. She reports
increased pain with climbing stairs and walking uphill,
as well as pushing heavier objects such as furniture
when she was rearranging her house. Considering the
information and images below, what is your main
consideration regarding pathology at this time?
A: Achilles Tendon Rupture
B: Plantar Fasciitis
C: Lateral ankle sprain
D: Posterior Tib Tendon Dysfunction
D: Posterior Tib Tendon Dysfunction
Posterior Tib Tendon
Common problem associated with flat foot
Weakness with ankle inversion and forefoot adduction
Lower muscle function may lead to increased loading
on key ligaments of causing flat foot posture
Hypermobility, failure of boney stabilizing mechanisms
Stage Signs/Symptoms
Underlying Pathology
1
TTP
Swelling around tendon (distally)
Abnormal morphology of tendon
Pain with heel rise test
Tendon pathology with or
without synovitis
2
Same as stage 1
Flexible flat foot posture
Tendon pathology with or
without synovitis
Damage to soft tissue
supports
3
Same as stage 2, flat foot not flexible
Same as above with
development of joint
contractures
4
Same as stage 3, ankle OA
Same as above
Treatment
Braces to unload tendon
Exercise!
1. Induces remodeling of the tendon
2. Prevent weakness of leg muscles
3. Cause hypertrophy of atrophied leg muscles
Conclusion
Rule out major medical, rule out spine, rule out
neurodynamics, rule in peripheral joint
Observation will yield valuable information for
differential diagnosis in this region
Focus on regional interdependent variables during
rehab-Look at hip!
Manual therapy has a large role in rehabilitation with
these patients