Transcript Music Chapter 7 new whole chapter New edit 2014spx

FA 105 Music
Chapter 7
Elements of Music
Elements of Music
Melody
 Rhythm
 Harmony
 Dynamics
 Timbre
 Texture
 Form
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Elements of Music
Melody
 Rhythm
 Harmony
 Dynamics
1. A Musical
Sentence
2. A Meaningful
 Timbre Sequence
of individual
pitches
 Texture
 Form
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Elements of Music
Names Given to Notes
Melody
• Western Tradition
• ABCDEFGA
• Western Tradition
• Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Ti Do
• Music of India
• Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa
Elements of Music
Melody
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Pythagoras
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Experimented with string
Touched in the middle – vibrated twice as fast
 Touched in different proportions gave different pitches
 Established a series of notes based on mathematical
proportions which became the basis for our modern scale
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http://aboutscotland.co.uk/harmony/prop.html
Elements of Music
Melody
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All seven notes in an octave creates a scale
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Scales are the building block for all melodies
When played from C to C (labeled as a “major
scale”), all of the notes are not the same distance
or interval apart.
½ Step
C
D
E
F
½ Step
G
A
B
C
Elements of Music
Melody
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Musical Notation
Over the years, composers have developed a
way to indicate intended pitches.
Music Staff – 5 lines and 4 spaces used to display
notation
 Lower pitches (slower vibrations) are indicated
toward the bottom of the staff.
 Higher pitches are indicated toward the top.
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Higher Pitches
Lower pitches
Elements of Music
Melody
Leger Lines extend the staff
Elements of Music
Melody
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Melody can be
Short and simple
 Long and
elaborate
 A theme or
motif
 Conjunct
 Disjunct
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Elements of Music
Melody
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Melodic Contour
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The direction and “shape” of the melody.
Elements of Music
Melody
 Rhythm
 Harmony
 Dynamics
 Timbre
 Texture
 Form
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Elements of Music
Melody
 Rhythm
The organization of sound in time.
 Harmony
Morning Routine  Dynamics
Heartbeat
Planning Trips
Breathing
 Timbre
Wear a Watch
Ebb & Flow of Tides
Spend time sleeping! TextureCycle of the Moon
Eat at certain intevals of time Cycle of the Sun
 Form
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Elements of Music
Rhythm
 Rhythm concepts
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Beat – The pulse of the music
Can be very strong or very subtle
 Tap foot or clap hands to the beat
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Meter – pattern of rhythmic emphasis
Originally organized similar to “poetic feet” in English
Iamb
Dactyl
Trochee
Spondee
Anapest
 Duple Meter
Triple Meter
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2
4
4
4
3
4
Elements of Music
Rhythm
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Note Values – shape
of the note implies
relative amount of
time for sound
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Based on Fractions –
Whole note…divide by
2 = half note…divide
by 2 = quarter
note…etc.
Elements of Music
Rhythm
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Tempo – the Speed of the Music
Might remain constant…might change
 Some words associated with Tempo
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Allegro – fast
 Adagio – slow
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Andante – walking tempo
Vivace – very fast
Syncopation – Emphasis on “weak” beats or
“off-beat.”
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Example of Syncopation
Listening
My Arts Lab Examples
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Test Seven
Nocturne No. 2 (in E-flat
Major, Op. 9)
Chopin
Meditation From Thais
Massenet
Symphony No. 9 (in D
Minor) Ode to Joy
Beethoven
Adagio in G Minor (for
Strings)
Giazotto
My Arts Lab
#1 –
-Animated Notation as needed
-Closer Look – Chamber Ensemble
-Closer Look – Mega-Orchestra
#2 –
-Videos – How an Orchestra Works: Brass
-How an Orchestra Works: Strings
-How an Orchestra Works: Woodwinds
Elements of Music
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Melody
Rhythm
Harmony
Dynamics
Timbre
Texture
Form
Elements of Music
Melody
 Rhythm
Harmony
•Harmony–Harmony
notes sounding at
the same time
 Dynamics
•A chord is
two or more notes
 Timbre
sounded together
 Texture
•A triad is a Form
chord of 3 notes that
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are an interval of a third apart
Elements of Music
Harmony
Triads
G
E
C
C
E
G
C
A
F
F
A
C
D
B
G
G
B
D
Elements of Music
Harmony

Music does not always have harmony
Medieval Era – church did not allow use of harmony
or rhythm…only melody
 Melodies added on top of original – harmony
resulted
 Functional harmony – priority of certain chords
 Tonic chord – triad built on tonic note
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Elements of Music
Harmony
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Harmony can be defined as
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Consonant – “pleasing”
Dissonant – “harsh”
Harmonic Cadence – same idea as a melodic
cadence, that is, a point of rest or relaxation;
a musical “punctuation mark”
Our culture (and our favorite music) has
harmonic expectations
Branch out to other music
 Find similarities and differences
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Elements of Music
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Melody
Rhythm
Harmony
Dynamics
Timbre
Texture
Form
Elements of Music
Melody
 Rhythm
Harmony
•Texture –Similar
to art, texture
is the “thickness”
of the music,
 Dynamics
or how many
layers exist in the
 Timbre
music.  Texture
Texture
 Form
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Elements of Music
Texture
Jump to
illustration
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Monophonic – consists of a single melody,
no harmony
Homophonic – two types
A single melody accompanied by harmony
 Although there is one melody, all other voices
move together, as in a hymn
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Polyphonic – two or more equally
important melodies played at the same time.
Elements of Music
Texture
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Monophonic – a single line
Back
Elements of Music
Texture
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Homophonic – First type, melody with
accompaniment.
Elements of Music
Texture
Melody
Accompaniment
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Homophonic – Second type, hymn like; all
voices move together, one has melody. Back
Elements of Music
Texture
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Polyphonic – Two or more equal melodies
occurring at the same time.
Elements of Music
Texture
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Examples of Texture
Monophonic
 Homophonic
 Polyphonic
 Hallelujah Chorus – All three occur somewhere in
the piece
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Elements of Music
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Melody
Rhythm
Harmony
Dynamics
Timbre
Texture
Form
Elements of Music
Melody
 Rhythm
Dynamics
– Relative loudness of
 Harmony
the music
 Dynamics
Dynamics
– Music can be loud
 Timbre
– Music can be soft
 Texture
– Music can
grow louder
 Form
– Music can
diminish
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Link to
Website
Elements of Music
Dynamics
Elements of Music
Dynamics
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Different levels of loudness
Pianissimo – Very soft
 Piano – Soft
 Mezzo Piano – Medium soft
 Mezzo Forte – Medium loud
 Forte – Loud
 Fortissimo – Very loud
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Elements of Music
Dynamics
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Music can also grow louder or softer.
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Crescendo – grow louder
or cresc.
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Decrescendo – grow softer
or decresc.
 Diminuendo – diminish, grow softer
dim.
Elements of Music
Dynamics
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Loudness is measured in decibels (dB).
Source
Intensity Level
Source
Intensity Level
Threshold of Hearing
0 dB
Lawnmower
90 dB
Rustling Leaves
10 dB
Large Orchestra
98 dB
Water Dripping
20 dB
Snowmobile, Chainsaw
100 dB
Whisper
30 dB
Walkman at Maximum Level
100 dB
Quiet Radio in Room
40 dB
Front Rows of Rock Concert
110 dB
Moderate Rainfall
50 dB
Jet Plane Takeoff
120 dB
Conversation, Dishwasher
60 dB
Threshold of Pain
130 dB
Busy Street Traffic
70 dB
Military Jet Takeoff
140 dB
Vacuum Cleaner, Alarm Clock
80 dB
Instant Perforation of Eardrum
160 dB
Elements of Music
Dynamics
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Loudness is measured in decibels (dB).
•A typical conversation occurs at 60 dB - not loud
enough to cause damage.
•A bulldozer that is idling (note that this is idling,
not actively bulldozing) is loud enough at 85 dB
that it can cause permanent damage after only 1
work day (8 hours).
•When listening to music on earphones at a standard
volume level 5, the sound generated reaches a level
of 100 dB, loud enough to cause permanent damage
after just 15 minutes per day!
•A clap of thunder from a nearby storm (120 dB) or a
gunshot (140-190 dB, depending on weapon), can
both cause immediate damage.
Elements of Music
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Melody
Rhythm
Harmony
Dynamics
Timbre
Texture
Form
Elements of Music
Melody
 Rhythm
 Harmony
Timbre is that quality which distinguishes
 Dynamics
one instrument
or voice from another.
 identify
Timbre
Timbrethe difference between a
If we can
Texture
flute, anoboe,
and a trumpet all playing
the samenote,
Formthat is distinguishing
different timbres.
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Elements of Music
Timbre
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Voice Parts
 1st level –
 2nd level
women (high) or men (low)
Women – Soprano (high) or Alto (low)
 Men – Tenor (high) or Bass (low)
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3rd level
Soprano – Mezzo Soprano, Lyric Soprano,
Coloratura, Dramatic Soprano, Spinto Soprano
 Alto – Alto, Contralto
 Tenor – Lyric Tenor, Countertenor, Dramatic Tenor
 Bass – Baritone, Basso Profundo, Bass-baritone,
Basso Cantante
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Elements of Music
Timbre
Aerophones
Sound produced by vibrating an air
column
Chordophones
Sound produced by vibrating a string
Sound produced by vibration of a
Membranophones
stretched membrane
Sound produced by the vibration of the
Idiophones
body of the instrument
Sound produced by oscillating
Electrophones
electrical circuit
Elements of Music
Timbre
Aerophones
Woodwinds, Brass, Pipe Organ
Chordophones
Strings, Piano, Harp, Guitar, Banjo
Snare Drum, Bass Drum, Timpani,
Membranophones
Congas, Bongos
Bells, Xylophone, Marimba, Cymbals,
Idiophones
Triangle, Temple Blocks
Synthesizer, MIDI Guitar, MIDI
Electrophones
Drums, MIDI Wind Controler
Elements of Music
Timbre
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Strings –
Orchestra – Violin, Viola, Cello, Bass (Double Bass)
Piano, Harp
 Band – Sometimes Piano, Harp
 Rock Bands – Guitar, Bass, Piano
 Country Bands – Guitar, Steel Guitar, Bass, Banjo,
Mandolin
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Elements of Music
Timbre
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Woodwinds
Orchestra – Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, English horn,
Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Bassoon, Contrabassoon
 Band – Same, plus Alto, Tenor, and Bari Saxophone
 Jazz Band – Saxophones, doubles of flute, clarinet,
etc.
 Popular Music - Saxophones
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Elements of Music
Timbre
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Brass
Orchestra – Trumpet, Horn, Trombone, Tuba
 Band – Trumpet, Horn, Trombone, Euphonium
(Baritone), Tuba
 Marching Band – Some specialized brass –
Mellophone, Sousaphone, Marching Euphonium
 Jazz Band – Trumpet, Trombone, Flugelhorn
 Popular – Trumpet, Trombone
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Elements of Music
Timbre
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Percussion
Orchestra – Snare Drum, Bass Drum, Timpani,
Xylophone, Marimba, Orchestra Bells, Celesta,
Chimes, Cymbals, Triangle, Cabasa, Guiro, Slap Stick,
Wind Machine, Marching Machine, etc, etc, etc!
 Band – Same
 Jazz Band – Drum Set, Auxiliary instruments, Latin
Instruments
 Marching Band – Marching Snare, Quints (Quads,
Trios), Tonal Bass Drums, plus all above
 Popular – Drum Set, Auxiliary instruments, Latin
Instruments
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Elements of Music
Timbre
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Orchestra
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Jazz Band
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Concert Band
Elements of Music
Timbre
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Chamber Groups – Small groups of instruments
Standard Chamber Groups
Woodwind Quintet – Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Horn,
Bassoon
 Brass Quintet – 2 Trumpets, Horn, Trombone, Tuba
 String Quartet – 2 Violins, Viola, Cello
 Many others – Clarinet Choir, Brass Choir, Bassoon
Quartet, Trumpet Choir, Horn Choir, etc.
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Elements of Music
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Melody
Rhythm
Harmony
Dynamics
Timbre
Texture
Form
Elements of Music
Melody
 Rhythm
Form isHarmony
how the music is put
together
 Dynamics
Three concepts of form
 Timbre
 Repetition
 Texture
 Contrast
 Form
Form
 Variation
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Elements of Music
Form
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To indicate the form, musicians use letters
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Capital letters for large sections (ABCDE)
Lower case letters for small sections (abcde)
Superscript to indicate similar music (A’ or A1)
Example: 3 large sections, the first and third are the
same music, the second is different
ABA
Example: 5 large sections, the first, third, and fifth are
the same music, second and fourth are different
ABACA
Elements of Music
Form
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Three concepts of Form
Repetition – repeat previous music
AA
 Contrast – different from previous music
AB
 Variation – similar to previous music
AA’
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All music can be described with one of these
three terms