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Chapter 5 The Integumentary System HS 260 - Anatomy, Physiology and Chemistry Functions of Skin • Protects from injuries Functions of Skin • Protects from injuries • Acts as barrier and regulates what enters/leaves body. Functions of Skin • Protects from injuries • Acts as barrier and regulates what enters/leaves body. • Regulates body temperature. Functions of Skin • Protects from injuries • Acts as barrier and regulates what enters/leaves body. • Regulates body temperature. • Synthesizes and stores vitamins. Functions of Skin • Protects from injuries • Acts as barrier and regulates what enters/leaves body. • Regulates body temperature. • Synthesizes and stores vitamins. • Sensory functions Chapter 6 The Skeletal System HS 260 - Anatomy, Physiology and Chemistry Bone Formation and Growth • The process of bone formation Most of the skeleton of the fetus begins cartilage. Gradually the cartilage is replaced by calcified bone matrix (endochondral ossification) A few flat bones form by intramembranous ossification A newborn’s skeleton has many bones that have not completely ossified. Structure of Long Bones Longitudinal Section of a Long Bone Bone Formation and Growth • The process of bone growth In long bones Starts in the diaphysis (shaft) Then, the center of the (epiphysises) bone ends • Epiphyseal plate • Epiphyseal line • The process of “remodeling” Osteoblasts form new bone Osteoclasts resorb bone Microscopic Structure of Bone Chapter 7 The Muscular System HS 260 - Anatomy, Physiology and Chemistry Effects of Exercise • Regular, properly practiced exercise improves muscle tone and posture • Results in more efficient heart and lung functioning • Reduces fatigue • Helps muscle tissue develop • Helps maintain a healthy weight Effects of Exercise • Effects of exercise on skeletal muscles Prolonged inactivity causes disuse, or atrophy Regular exercise increases muscle size, called hypertrophy Effects of Exercise • Strength training: Exercise involving contractions of muscles against heavy resistance Increases number of myofilaments in each muscle fiber Total mass of the muscle increases Does not increase the number of muscle fibers • Effects of Exercise • Endurance training: Exercise that increases a muscle’s ability to sustain moderate exercise over long periods Sometimes called aerobic training Allows more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to a muscle via increased blood flow Increases the number of blood vessels in a muscle Does not usually result in muscle hypertrophy Question • Why do breathing and heart rate remain elevated after exercise stops? Answer • Stored ATP is quickly depleted, and if oxygen supplies are not sufficient, muscle cells switch to energy conversion that does not require oxygen. However, this energy conversion produces lactic acid. • The “oxygen debt” is paid when labored breathing and an increased heart rate are required to remove lactic acid and replace depleted energy reserves, even after exercise has ended. Question • Why would a “physically fit” person return to normal breathing and heart rate levels more quickly than an unfit person? Answer • Increased efficiency of the respiratory and circulatory systems • An increase in the number of blood vessels in muscles • More efficient delivery of oxygen and glucose to muscle fibers • More oxygen is available = the less “oxygen debt” there will be in the muscles.