Transcript WELCOME TO ANATOMY - miss

WELCOME TO ANATOMY
Achievement Standard 1.2
Anatomical Position
In order to explain positioning of bones,
organs, and muscles, anatomists have a
agreed on a standardised position for the
body.
 This position is known as the Anatomical
Position.
 This allows everyone to talk from the
same point of view regardless of their
profession or level of expertise.

The Anatomical Position
Four features to note:
Palms face forwards
 Body is upright
 Thumbs point outwards
 Face is forward
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Questions for you:
Why is it important to always talk about
the position of organs, bones and
muscles in the human body with respect
to the anatomical position?
 What are the anatomical names for front
and back?
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Handout – Anatomical Terms of
Direction
Have a go at filling in empty boxes
yourself.
 Use pencil, easier to change if you make
a mistake.
 You have 10min, then we will go over
answers as a class.
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Skeletal System
Bones are living structures with
5 functions:
 protect internal organs
 support the body
 make blood cells
 store minerals
 provide for muscle attachment

Skeleton
All the bones of the skeleton are divided
into two main groups.
 Axial Skeleton – consists of those bones
forming the central column of the body
i.e. spine, skull and rib cage.
 Appendicular Skeleton – Those bones
that attach to the axial skeleton i.e.
shoulders, hips and the limbs.
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Bones
Label the bones on the skeleton. Use
common names and scientific names
e.g. skull and cranium.
 Which bones make up the:
Elbow joint?
Knee joint?
Shoulder joint?
Hip joint?
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Questions
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Which of the following is not a function of
the human skeleton?
Ensure maintenance of a correct posture
 Act as a store for minerals
 Allow movement
 Produce blood cells
 Provide attachment for muscles

Questions cont.
The two bones of the lower leg are:
 The tibula and fibula
 The tibia and fibia
 The radius and the ulna
 The tibula and fibia
 None of these
More Questions

Match the common name with the
anatomical name.
Clavical
Scapula
Tibia
Mandible
Sternum
Tarsals
Breast bone
Jaw
Shin
Collar bone
Ankle
Shoulder blade
More Questions
The elbow is _______ to the wrist.
 The big toe is on the _______ aspect of
the foot.
 The sacrum is ______ to the coccyx.
 The abdominal muscles are on the
_____ surface of the body.
 The thumb is on the _____ aspect of the
hand.

Muscles
Function – to cause movement
 Controlled by nerves (some voluntary,
some involuntary)
 Contract (shorten) – which brings bones
closer together therefore for movements
to occur in both directions, the muscles
must work together in pairs e.g. bicep &
triceps, hamstrings & quadriceps.

Muscle Contraction
This diagram shows the muscles fibers
shortening to contract.
 The fibers slide past each other.
 Then it shows the muscle relaxing, or
lengthening.

Muscles
Prime mover – muscle that causes the
movement = AGONIST.
 ANTAGONIST = muscle that relaxes
and lengthens so that agonist can work.

Muscle Man
Label the muscles on your diagram.
 Use pencil first if you are unsure of the
muscle names.
 We will go through the muscles as a
class so you will get the correct names.

Questions

Your shoulder joint is widely used in tennis.
 What bones make up the shoulder joint?
 What muscles make up the shoulder joint?
 What movements can the shoulder joint
perform?
 Explain how the shoulder joint allows the
performance of a forehand shot in tennis.
JOINT MOVEMENTS
Six key movements:
 1. Rotation – movements around a
central axis e.g. rotating neck from side
to side.
 2. Abduction – Any movement away
from the mid-line of the body.
 3. Adduction – Any movement that
brings bones towards the mid-line.
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JOINT MOVEMENTS CONT.
4. Circumduction – Involves a
combination of movements: flexion,
abduction, extension and adduction. If
you anchor one end of a bone and draw
an imaginary circle with the other end,
the resulting movement is called
circumduction.
 5. Flexion – The ‘folding up’ of a joint
where the fleshy parts are brought
together.
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Joint Movements Cont.
6. Extension – The ‘opening out’ of a
joint where the angle between the two
bones is greater.
 Specific Joint Movements:
 1. Supination – A movement that turns
your hand so that your palm faces
upwards.
 2. Pronation – The opposite movement
to supination. The hand is turned down
so the palm faces downwards.

Specific Joint Movements Cont.
3. Dorsiflexion – A movement where
the toes are pulled upwards toward the
sun.
 4. Plantarflexion – A movement that
occurs when the toes are pointed
downwards, away from the shin.

JOINTS
3 types of joints in the body.
 1. Immovable – also known as fibrous
joints.
 2. Slightly Mobile – also known as
cartilagenous joints.
 3. Freely moveable – also known as
synovial joints.
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS

The primary function
of synovial joints is
to provide
movement.
 All synovial joints
follow the same
basic structure as
indicated below.
Please draw diagram
into your book.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Ligaments – join bone to bone for stability.
 Capsule – provides stability and protection
from infection.
 Cartilage – reduces wear and tear on
bones.
 Synovial fluid – lubricates the joint and
provides shock absorption.
 Synovial membrane – produces synovial
fluid.

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Synovial joints can be divided into 6
basic types. The types are governed by
the type of movement/s they allow:
1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.
 6.

Gliding
Hinge **
Pivot **
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and Socket **
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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Ball and Socket – A
ball-shaped bone fits
into a socket or cupshaped bone.
Examples are the hip
and shoulder.
Movements = side to
side, back and forth,
and rotation.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS CONT.
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Hinge Joint – Similar to a hinge on a
door. Two bones in such a way that
movement is possible only in one
direction, usually at right angles to the
bones. Examples are elbow and ankle.
Movement = back and forth
(flexion/extension).
SYNOVIAL JOINTS CONT.

Pivot Joint – A joint constructed in such
a way that only rotation is possible.
Examples are radius and humerus, and
neck.
BIOMECHANICS
Biomechanics is the study of forces and
their effects on the human body during
movement.
 Forces are the basis for all movement.

CENTRE OF GRAVITY
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The point at which all parts of an object are
equally balanced.
Standing up right our centre of gravity is
around our navel.
The centre of gravity changes depending
upon what position the body is in.
The centre of gravity can lie outside an
object.
Generally, the lower the COG the more
stable an object will be.
LINE OF GRAVITY
The vertical line that passes through the
centre of gravity to the ground.
 The line of gravity is important when
determining the stability of an object.
 If the line of gravity falls within an
object’s base of support the object is
relatively stable (and vice versa).

BASE OF SUPPORT
The area within an object’s point of
contact with the ground.
 Generally, the larger the area the base of
support covers, the more stable an
object will be.
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QUESTIONS

Copy each of the
objects and draw in
the centre of gravity.
 Which player is more
stable? Explain using
the words base of
support, line of gravity
and COG.
BIOMECHANICS - MOTION
Linear motion – is in a straight (vertical) line.
All parts of the body move in the same
direction and at the same speed. [Give
examples]
 Angular motion – occurs around an axis. This
can be internal (body parts rotating around a
joint) or external e.g. ………..
 General motion – a combination of linear and
angular. This is the most common of all
movements, as most human movement
requires rotation of body parts around joints
e.g. ……….
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BODY TYPES

ECTOMORPHS
Typically tall and slender. They don’t have
much muscle and typically little fat.
 Relatively long arms and legs. This allows
them to reach further, which gives an
advantage when contesting the ball in netball
and basketball.
 Typically suited to endurance sports and
sports that don’t require a lot of physical
contact.
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BODY TYPES
ENDOMORPHS
 This body type tends to be shorter and
carries large amounts of fat compared
with ectomorphs.
 Extra body fat allows them to float better
in the water and provides insulation from
the cold.
 Suited to short duration activities not
requiring lots of endurance.
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BODY TYPES
MESOMORPH
 Carries a large amount of muscle.
 People with this body type look athletic.
 Suited to activities requiring strength and
endurance, as the extra muscle provides
the power to perform activities faster and
for longer periods of time.
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Identify Each of the Body Types
Endomorph
Ectomorph
Mesomorph
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 1: A body continues in its state of
rest or uniform motion unless an
unbalanced force acts upon it.
 An object at rest tends to remain at rest
unless acted upon by some external
force.
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Inertia
The body’s tendency to remain at rest.
 The greater the mass of the body, the
greater the inertia.
 Which object has greater inertia, a ping
pong ball or shot?
 This directly relates to Newton’s 1st Law.
How?

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s 1st Law
illustrated.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Law 2: The acceleration
of an object is directly
proportional to the force
causing it, is in the same
direction as the force,
and is inversely
proportional to the mass
of the object.
When a force acts upon
a mass, the result is
acceleration of that
mass.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Law 3: Whenever a
force is applied there
is an equal and
opposite reaction.
LEVERS

A lever is used when you want to apply more
force. Most levers have three clearly identified
parts:
1. The fulcrum – the pivot point around which
the movement happens. In body levers this is
usually the joint.
2. The load – the weight that needs to be moved
(resistance).
3. The force – the place where force is applied.
In the body this is the effort produced by the
muscles contracting.
LEVERS

Can you think of any household
tools/machinery that act as levers?
Levers in Sport

In some sports the equipment you use acts
as an extension of the levers in your body
and helps to generate greater force or
speed.
 Give some examples of levers in sport.
 Longer levers result in more speed,
beneficial for striking and throwing objects.
 Shorter levers result in greater strength,
beneficial for pushing, pulling, and lifting
objects.
Physiological Responses to
Exercise
Short term responses – occur
immediately to meet the demands of
exercise. Gradually return to normal
once exercise has stopped.
 Long term responses – occur after a long
period of regular exercise, generally after
5 or 6wks.
 Pg 55 Orange PE book. Complete
Activity 7F for homework, as well as study
for your test!
HYPERLINK
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