Transcript Skeletal and muscular systems[1]

Skeleton, Muscles,
and Movement
Omar Zein, Reem Aboushaar, Nupur Godbole
WITH
Traditional White-Background Slides
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Day 1
Introduction
Role of
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bones
muscles
ligaments
tendons
nerves
Joints
Introduction
• The skeletal and muscular systems
connect other bodily systems by
providing motility, structure, and
protection.
Activity
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So this activity relates to bones…
What we are going to do is put up an image of
the skeletal body with one bone that has a star
on it
If you know what the bone is then raise your
hand as fast as you can
If called on, your job is to tell us what that bone
is
This will count for extra credit on the
assessment…one point for each correct
answer
What’s this??
What’s this??
What’s this??
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Bones
The adult human body has 206 bones.
An infant may have from 300-350 bones at birth.
Some of these fuse together as the infant grows.
When some bones fuse and become one bone
(examples are in the skull, sacrum and hip bones)
Out of the 206 bones, 106 are in the hands and feet
Bones
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Skull
Rib cage
Sternum
Clavicle
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Phalanges
Pelvis
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Coccyx
Femur
Tiblua
Fibula
Patella
Carpals
Tarsals
Meta carpals
Meta tarsals
Bones
• Provide a firm
anchorage for
muscles. They also
act as levers,
changing the size or
direction of forces
generated by
muscles.
Bones
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structure; keeping the body upright
blood cell production:
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All blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
At a young age most of our bones produce blood.
With age, this gradually diminishes to just the
bones of the spine (vertebrae), breastbone
(sternum), ribs, pelvis and small parts of the upper
arm and leg.
Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells is
called red marrow, and bone marrow that no
longer produces blood cells is called yellow
marrow
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Bones
protection for internal organs, protect the soft organs
in the body:
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The skull protects the brain;
The ribs protect the heart and lungs and other
vital organs of the body;
The vertebral column protects the spinal cord;
The pelvis protects the reproductive organs in
women.
Bones
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Storage of minerals and lipids: source of
calcium; calcium deposits for the body’s
processes
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97% of the body's calcium is stored in bone.
Here it is easily available.
In pregnancy the demands of the fetus for
calcium require a suitable diet and after
menopause hormonal control of calcium
levels may be impaired: calcium goes out
leaving osteoporotic bones
Activity…2
• Same format as the first except you
need to identify the muscles now
What’s
This??
What’s
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(back)
Hamstrings
What’s
This??
Muscles
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Provide the force needed for muscle
contraction. They do this when they
contract. (muscle contractions will be
explained on Day 2…suspense!!)
•There are more than 640 muscles in the body, which
together account for about 40 percent of a person's
weight.
Muscles
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Trapezius
Deltoid
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Pectoral
Oblique
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Biceps
Triceps
Abdominal rectus
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Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
(one of the
hamstrings)
Rectus femoris
(one of the
quadriceps)
Gastrocnemius
(calf muscle)
Muscles
• Allow movement in the body
• maintain posture and body position
• support soft tissues
• guard entrances and exits: skeletal
Weirdo
muscles
• Ex. The sphincter muscles that guard
the digestive tract
Muscles
• Maintain body temperature
• small contractions of the muscle
tissue create friction of the cells within
the tissue help to create warmth.
Muscles
• provide skeletal movement:
• Electronic signals are sent through
the neurons of the brain to the sight of
desired movement. When they reach
this spot the signals close an electric
pathway and tell to muscle to expand
or contract
Muscles
• There are many categories of
muscles:
• voluntary vs. involuntary
• striated vs. smooth
• Cardiac vs. Skeletal vs. Smooth
These will all be expanded on
during Day 2.
Ligaments
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Tough cords of tissue that connect bone to
bone
There are around 900 in the human body
injury
ligament
Name that ligament!
• Just kidding
Function
• restrict movement at joints to prevent
dislocation
• Act as a back up for the muscle-tendon
unit
• Remain relaxed during routine
expenditure
Knee joint
Structure
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Collagenous fibers
connective tissue made up of fibroblasts (cells
that make up tendons and ligaments)
Organized into parallel bundles to maximize
non elastic strength
Collagen fibers in parallel layers, criss-crossed
one on top of another
Fibers free to slide relative to each other
White, shiny, tough, not extendable
ligament
Structure (cont)
• Contains some elastin to provide the
ability to change motion but still remains
largely inflexible
Suspensory
ligament-eye
Four examples of truly elastic ligaments
• Spinal column- Ligamentum flavum
• Broad ligament of the uterus
• Vocal chords
• suspensory ligaments- eye
Broad
ligament
Elastic ligaments (cont.)
Electron micrograph of a normal rat collateral ligament
Electron micrograph of a healing collateral ligament
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Tendons
attaches muscles to bones
Around 4000 in the human body- depends on
individual though
Structure
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Twisting collagen fibers
Tendency to resist motion but do stretch
Also made up of fibroblasts
Fibrous connective tissue
Collagenous fibers
Organized into parallel bundles to maximize non
elastic strength
Strictly parallel strands, as opposed to ligaments
Toning/Loss of flexibility
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While tendons do stretch, they are slower at
flexing and relaxing than are muscles
When a muscle contracts, the tendon stretches
over stretching the tendons causes the tendon to
become more fibrous and more fibers are brought
to balance out the tension
This addition of more fiber allows for a more even
tension among the fibers but also increases
rigidity
This increased rigidity is the loss of flexibility that
comes from strenuous exertion
This makes more toned muscles less flexible
Ligaments and tendons
• The two tend to be grouped
together because they are both
composed of collagen fibers in
some sort of parallel bundles but
they serve different purposes in
the body.
Cartilage
• A layer of smooth
and tough tissue that
covers the ends of
bones where they
meet to reduce
friction
Articular cartilage would be the hyaline
cartilage that is present at the end of
the bones at the joint
Structure
• Dense matrix of collagen (proteins that
occur in connective tissues) fibers and
elastic fibers
• Mature cells- chrondocytes
(background)
• For the most part, do not contain blood
vessels or nerves
Stained example of elastic cartilage
3 Types of cartilage in the body
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Hyaline cartilage
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Provides flexible support
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Usually located on bones or in
between them
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Fibrocartilage
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covers long bones
often occurs at fracture sites
Elastic cartilage
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Tolerates repeated bending
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ie. External ear
Cartilage in the knee at various magnifications
Joints
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What is a joint?
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The movable or fixed place or part where two bones
or elements of a skeleton join.
One of the large portions into which a section of meat
is divided by a butcher, as the shoulder or leg,
especially as served at table.
Prison
Marijuana
multimedia
Joints to be covered
• Elbow Joint
• Hip Joint
• Knee Joint
• Ball and socket joints
• Hinge joints
• Pivot joints
Human elbow joint
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functions of the structures of the
human elbow
Cartilage: reduces friction between bones where they meet
Synovial fluid: lubricates joint to reduce friction
Joint capsule: seals the joint and holds in the synovial fluid
Humerus: upper arm bone: attachment of biceps and triceps
Ulna & radius: forearm bones: attachment of biceps and
triceps
Biceps: attaches from humerus to ulna & radius
Triceps: attaches from humerus to ulna
Antagonism: biceps and triceps attach across elbow joint;
while triceps contracts to to extend arm, biceps relaxes;
conversely, while treceps relax and the biceps contract,
flexing the arm
Continued
Elbow Motion
knee joint
Differences in hip and knee
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Knee: hinge joint
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allows considerable movement in one plane
but constrains movement from other two planes
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flexion bends the leg
extension straightens the leg
Hip: ball and socket joint
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allows movement in three planes
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protraction /retraction: forward and backwards
abduction/adduction: sideways in and out
rotation: circular movement
Additional Joints
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Ball and socket joints
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Hinge joints
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Pivot joints
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Ellipsoidal joints
Ellipsoidal joints
• like the wrist joint, allow for many types
of movement, but they don't pivot and
they don't have the same rotating range
as a ball-and-socket joint. Think of all
the motions you can make with your
wrist.
Our Pivotal Joints
• The ankles, knees, wrists and elbows
keep us active, flexible and capable of
dealing with everyday’s complex tasks
like essays!
The Wrist
• Our hands and fingers are involved in
nearly every aspect of our work;
therefore the wrist is possibly the most
important joint in our body.
• Compounded over the years, chronic
overexertion can cause wear and tear to
the joint resulting in sever limitation of
movement.
The knee
• The knee is a complex joint and is very
prone not only to injury, but also wear
and tear. An injury to the knee joint,
especially in high intensity sports such
as soccer or skating can severely
restrict movement.
The Elbow
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The elbow contains a lot of anatomical
structures packed into tiny space and when
challenged with heavy and constant use of
the arms, it is especially prone to injury and
infection.
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Symptoms can cover a wide range of
possibilities and therapy is often a long
process.
Overuse is common in sport e.g. tennis
and golfer’s elbow
video 1
• muscles video
muscles
• types
striated muscle
• structure and function
sarcomere
• structure (diagram) and function
Skeletal muscle
contractions
childbirth
electron micrographs
nerves
Fuentes de inspiración
http://www.neurosoma.com/ligaments.html
http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Tissue/Tissue_CartilageTissue.php