Transcript Exploring a Faceted World - Music Library Association

Exploring a Faceted World
Discovering music resources using
medium of performance and genre terms
Music Library Association annual meeting
Denver, Colorado
Saturday, February 28, 2015
Presenters:
●
●
●
●
Beth Iseminger, Harvard University
Casey Mullin, Stanford University
Hermine Vermeij, UCLA
Kevin Kishimoto, University of Chicago
Introduction : Catalog Searching
●
●
●
●
Browse
Keyword search (single-box)
Advanced keyword search
Facets
Browse
● Alphabetical lists of headings
o Author
o Title
o Subject
o Call number
● Efficient if user knows exact phrase
● Not common in newer catalogs
Browse
University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf2-03129,
Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.
Keyword Search
● Single-box
● Retrieves records that include all (or most) of the
terms entered in the text box
● Simple for users to understand
● Preferred for exploratory searching
● Also allows command line searches using boolean
operators: AND, OR, NOT
Advanced Keyword Search
● Multiple simultaneous keyword searches
● Each search box can perform a different search type
o Build boolean searches
● Can also assign pre-search limits
● Intimidating for some users
Facets
● Post-search
o Narrow search results
o Easily employ multiple limits
● Each facet describes a distinct aspect
o Format, Author, Subject, Language, etc.
● Common on commercial websites
● Common in newer library discovery tools
Introduction to
Music Genre and Medium
Vocabularies
Beth Iseminger
Harvard University
Definitions
Genre
• A class, type, or category, sanctioned by convention
Form
• The constructive or organizing element in music
Medium of performance
• The voices, instruments, and other entities necessary to perform a
piece
• Includes instruments, instrumental ensembles, vocal types and
ranges, vocal ensembles, mixed ensembles, and objects used as
instruments
Background
LCSH has always included genres, forms, and mediums of performance
often in the form of pre-coordinated strings
• Sonatas (Bassoon and guitar)
• Musique concrète
• Songs (High voice) with instrumental ensemble
Some strings also contain other facets
• Popular instrumental music – Brazil – 2001-2010
• Choruses, Sacred (Mixed voices) with orchestra – Vocal scores with
piano
Separating Facets
Move from pre-coordinated strings to post-coordinated
facets
Can be indexed separately which offers granularity
•
Necessary in linked data environment
Medium as a unique facet allows more precise indexing
than combined medium/genre strings
•
violin / piano
versus
Sonatas (Violin and piano)
New Vocabularies
Developed by LC in collaboration with various communities
Each vocabulary describes a distinct aspect of a resource
• LCGFT = genre/form
Includes music, moving images, law, cartography, literature, religion
• LCMPT = medium of performance
• LCDGT = demographic groups
Includes age, ethnicity, gender, nationality, occupation
Music Vocabularies
LCMPT
• Library of Congress Medium of Performance
Thesaurus for Music
LCGFT (music portion)
• Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for
Library and Archival Materials
Many Facets Used With Music
Genre
Form
Medium of performance
Format
Associated place/Geography
Date of work/Time period
Numeric designation
Key
Language
Audience
Aleatory music / Bluegrass music
Dastgāhs / Motets / Symphonies
Soprano voice / Viola / Zither
Vocal scores
Kenya / Florence, Italy
1824
op. 125
D minor
French
Children’s songs
Additional Facets for Creators
Class of persons
Ethnicity of the creator
Gender of the creator
Nationality of the creator
Music by gay composers
Music by African American composers
Music by women composers
Music by French composers
Music Projects
Partners
• Library of Congress
• MLA-BCC Genre/Form Task Force
• MLA-BCC Subject Access Subcommittee
Process
• Review existing LCSH terms and add any missing terms
• Add new terms from reference sources
New Grove 2nd edition
Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
Examples of Terms Found Outside of LCSH
Lots of Terms!
• Using these sources resulted in huge lists of
terms, especially for world music genres and
instruments
• The project scope was therefore narrowed to
include only LCSH terms, with a few
exceptions
LCMPT and LCGFT
Vocabularies available now at id.loc.gov
New terms will be accepted via SACO Music
Funnel
New Music Vocabularies:
Hierarchy
Hermine Vermeij
UCLA
Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms
(LCGFT)
• LCGFT has been around for a while, but the music terms were just
added … last week!
• 567 terms in the first release, with some more in the pipeline.
LCGFT Hierarchy – Top Terms
Music
Accompaniments (Music)
Arrangements (Music)
Art music
Chants
Dramatic music
Folk music
Functional music
Glitch music
Humorous music
Medleys (Music)
Notated music
Popular music
Sacred music
Songs
Sound art
Teaching pieces (Music)
World music
LCGFT – Art music
Art music
Aʼak
Aleatory music
Anthems
Ballades (Instrumental music)
Barcaroles
Cadenzas
Canons (Music)
Cantatas
Carnatic music
Chamber music
Chinese operas
Chorale preludes
Concert etudes
Concertos
Dastgāhs
Dialogues (Music)
Fanfares
Finales (Music)
Fugues
Gagaku
Hát ả đào
Hát bội
Heike biwa
Hindustani music
Honkyoku
Interludes
Kacapi-suling
Kacapi-suling
Malhūn
Ma'lūf
Maqāmāt (Iraqi music)
Microtonal music
Minimal music
Monologues (Music)
Musique concrète
Nhạc̣ tài tứ
Nō music
Oratorios
Organ masses
Overtures
Partimenti
Pastoral music
Phlēng thao
Preludes (Music)
Program music
Quodlibets
Ragas
Rhapsodies (Music)
Romances (Music)
Rondos
Scherzos
Sicilianas (Music)
Sonatas
Song cycles
Songs without words (Instrumental music)
Soundscapes (Music)
Spectral music
Stochastic music
Suites
Symphonies
Taech’wit’a
Text-sound compositions
Third stream (Music)
Toccatas
Variations (Music)
Vọng cố
LCGFT – Dramatic music
Dramatic music
Ballad operas
Ballets (Music)
Bangsawan
Barong (Music)
Ch’anggŭk
Chinese operas
Congadas (Music)
Dialogues (Music)
Entremés (Music)
Hát bội
Hát chèo (Music)
Hira gasy
Incidental music
Katarimono
Kecak (Music)
Liturgical dramas (Music)
Madrigal comedies
Masques (Music)
Melodramas
Modern dance music
Monologues (Music)
Motion picture music
Musical theater
Musicals
Nāḍagam
Operas
Oratorios
P’ansori
Pantomimes (Music)
Rappresentazioni sacre
(Music)
Revues
Serenatas
Wayang music
LCGFT – Folk music
Folk music
Aleke
Blues (Music)
Cajun music
Calpyso (Music)
Celtic music
Congadas (Music)
Flamenco music
Folk dance music
Folk-rock music
Folk songs
Gaitas (Venezuelan music)
Guaguancós
Hát chèo
Huaylas (Music)
Huaynos
Isicathamiya
Klezmer music
Kolos (Music)
Kuyis
Maloya (Music)
Mandó
Mariachi (Music)
Morris dances (Music)
Mouth music
Música sertaneja
Nāḍagam
Norteño (Music)
Old-time music
Palos (Music)
P’ansori
Plenas
Polkabilly music
Rebetika
Sanjo
Schrammelmusik
Soca (Music)
Sones
Soukous (Music)
Square dance music
Tejano music
Vallenato (Music)
LCGFT – Notated music
Notated music
Musical sketches
Part books
Parts (Music)
Scores
Service books (Music)
Songbooks
Tune-books
LCGFT – Popular music
Popular music
Agbadja modern (Music)
Arabesk (Popular music)
Bachata
Bailā (Music)
Banda (Music)
Beatboxing
Bhangra (Music)
Bikutsi
Blues (Music)
Boogaloos (Music)
Bossa nova (Music)
Brega (Music)
Cajun music
Calypso (Music)
Campursari
Candombes (Music)
Cavachas (Music)
Celtic music
Chaabi
Champeta (Music)
Chanchona (Music)
Chicha
Choros
Chutney (Music)
Country music
Cover versions
Cumbia (Music)
Dangdut
Dansi (Music)
Danzones (Music)
Disco (Music)
Electronica (Music)
Enka
Forró (Music)
Fuji (Music)
Funana (Music)
Funk (Music)
Gaitas (Venezuelan music)
Gospel music
Gumbé (Music)
Habaneras (Music)
High-life (Music)
Huaylas (Music)
Huaynos
Jazz
Jingles (Advertising songs)
Juju music
Kanto (Popular music)
Karaoke
Kaskawi (Music)
Keroncong
Klezmer music
Konkoma
Kwaito
Kwaya
Latin pop
Lounge music
Lundus
Makossa (Music)
Maloya (Music)
Mandó (Music)
Mangue (Music)
Mariachi (Music)
Mbalax
Mbaqanga
Mchiriku
Minstrel music
Modinhas
Mornas (Music)
Murgas
Música sertaneja
Música tropical
New Age music
Norteño (Music)
Old-time music
Ragtime music
Rai (Music)
Rap (Music)
Rapso
Rebetika
Reggae music
Remixes (Music)
Rhythm and blues music
Rock music
Rocksteady (Music)
Rumbas (Music)
Salsa (Music)
Schrammelmusik
Ska (Music)
Skiffle
Sones
Soukous (Music)
Soul music
Steampunk music
Swamp pop music
Taraab (Music)
Tejano music
Timba (Music)
Tropicália (Music)
Tspapiky (Music)
Turbo-folk (Music)
Vallenato (Music)
Waila music
Worldbeat (Music)
Zouk (Music)
Zydeco music
LCGFT – Other hierarchies
Derivative works
Arrangements (Music)
llustrated works
Fingering charts
Informational works
Fingering charts
Thematic catalogs
Instructional and educational
works
Master classes
Teaching pieces
Literature
Librettos
Sound recordings
Cover versions
Human sounds
Player piano accompaniments
Remixes (Music)
Samplers (Sound recordings)
Library of Congress Medium of Performance
Thesaurus for Music (LCMPT)
• Terms first released in February 2014.
• Initial release: over 800 terms!
LCMPT – Top Terms
ensemble
performer
visuals
LCMPT - ensemble
ensemble
audience
instrumental ensemble
accordion band
balalaika orchestra
band
bowed string ensemble
concertina ensemble
continuo
dulcimer ensemble
electronics
gamelan
gonrang
keyboard ensemble
harmonica ensemble
jug band
khrū̜ ang sāi
mahōrī
orchestra
percussion ensemble
pipe band
pīphāt
plucked instrument ensemble
plung orchestra
string band
toy orchestra
washboard band
wind ensemble
zither ensemble
mixed media
vocal ensemble
chorus
solo vocal ensemble
LCMPT - performer
performer
actor
audience
celebrant
conductor
dancer
tap dancer
instrument
aerophone
electronic instrument
friction instrument
idiophone
keyboard instrument
mechanical instrument
membranophone
percussion instrument
plucked instrument
string instrument
toy instrument
mixed media
mime
signer
voice
singer
speaker
Hierarchy example
performer
instrument
wind instrument
woodwind instrument
reed instrument
single reed instrument
saxophone
alto saxophone
Where do I access the vocabularies?
• Classification Web
• Connexion
(G/F only)
• id.loc.gov
Other sources for terms
• Free PDFs coming soon (http://www.loc.gov/aba/)
• LC’s authorities website (http://authorities.loc.gov)
• LC’s MARC Distribution Service (LCGFT only)
• LC’s free downloads page (http://classificationweb.net/LCMPT/)
(LCMPT only)
Proposal process
• Both vocabularies are new and will continue to be updated
• Proposals for new terms and revisions can be made through the SACO
Music Funnel
• Terms require literary warrant
• A work that requires the term
• Research in reference sources (Grove, etc.) showing usage and definitions
• Terms require reference structure
• Variant terms, if necessary
• At least one broader term
• Scope note, if necessary
What you may be seeing for a while
• Both old practice and new practice together
Medium of performance:
flute (1) string orchestra (1)
Subject:
Concertos (Flute with string orchestra)—Scores.
Genre/Form
Concertos.
Scores.
Music Vocabularies in
Library Catalogs
Kevin Kishimoto
University of Chicago
LCGFT & LCMPT in Library Catalogs
●
●
●
●
Display
Indexing
Facets
Search
Genre/Form Display
● Ideally a separate category from “Subject”
● Located near subject headings?
● Display label
o “Genre/Form”?
o “Genre”?
subject headings
genre/form headings
Medium of Performance Display
● Location?
● Display label
o “Medium of Performance”?
o “Instrumentation”?
o “Performance medium”?
o “Performing forces”?
● Display format?
Medium of Performance Display
Display format
● Medium of performance
● Soloist
● Doubling instrument (or voice part)
● Alternative medium of performance
● Number of performers or ensembles
Display punctuation or label for each type of medium
and number must be set up in catalog
Indexing
Index the appropriate MARC fields
● MARC 655 field
o Index subfield A
o Maybe also index subfields Y, Z [?]
● MARC 382 field
o Probably requires at least two indexes
o Index subfields A, B, D, P
o Index subfields A+N, B+N, D+N, P+N
Facets
● Ideally the catalog has separate facets for each of
the new vocabularies, not just one “Subject” facet
o Genre/form
o Medium of performance
o Demographic groups (2)
 Creator
 Audience
● MARC fields and subfields must be indexed
Medium of Performance
piano (5)
violin (5)
cello (3)
viola (2)
piano, 4 hands (1)
more...
Genre/Form
Chamber music (3)
Minuets (Music) (2)
Sonatas (2)
Concertos (1)
Scherzos (1)
more...
Current Limits
x Format: Music score
x Medium of Performance: violin
x Medium of Performance: piano
x Genre/Form: Sonatas
Medium of Performance
piano x
violin x
cello (3)
viola (2)
piano, 4 hands (1)
more...
Genre/Form
Sonatas x
Chamber music (3)
Minuets (Music) (2)
Concertos (1)
Scherzos (1)
more...
Medium of Performance
cello (3)
↳ cello 1 (3)
piano (5)
↳ piano 1 (3)
↳ piano 2 (2)
viola (2)
↳ viola 1 (2)
violin (5)
↳ violin 1 (3)
↳ violin 2 (2)
piano, 4 hands (1)
Genre/Form
Chamber music (3)
Minuets (Music) (2)
Sonatas (2)
Concertos (1)
Scherzos (1)
more...
Search
● Current state of LCGFT & LCMPT searches
o Possible to use keyword searches for both
Genre/Form and Medium of Performance
o Some catalogs have separate Genre/Form
search type
o A few home-grown Medium of Performance
search interfaces, but built on older MARC data,
not new LC thesauri
Future search interface?...
Exploring a Faceted World:
Technical Issues
Casey Mullin
Stanford University
Chair, MLA-BCC Subject Access Subcommittee
Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject”
Headings (LCSH)
Requirements
• Each LCSH form/genre heading should beget, at least, one LCMPT
and/or one LCGFT field
• Algorithm should work equally well for score and sound recording
records
• Terms in machine-generated fields must be conformant to LCGFT and
LCMPT
• Machine-generated fields should ideally be conformant to MLA best
practices
• Duplicate fields should be removed
• LCSH headings retained for the time being
Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject”
Headings (LCSH)
Challenges (to name a few)
• Implicit medium of performance (e.g., “Symphonies”, “Monologues with
music”)
• Differences in vocabulary
• LCSH (“mixed voices”) vs. LCMPT (“mixed chorus”)
• LCSH (“Canons, fugues, etc.”) vs. LCGFT (“Canons” or “Fugues”)
• Completely new terms in LCGFT (“Art music”)
• Identifying solo performers
• True “topical” headings: how to distinguish?
• By presence of certain modifiers (e.g., “Songs and music”, “History and criticism”)
• Or don’t worry and just let them “fail” the algorithm?
• Videorecording records?
• Possible influence on best practices
Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject”
Headings (LCSH)
LCSH-to-LCMPT algorithm (draft outline, version 0.1)
1. Isolation and delimiting of raw string of terms expressing or
implying medium of performance
1. Removing non-medium content (particles, punctuation, etc.)
2. Generating implied medium terms based on certain form/genre terms
2. Mapping delimited MOP terms to appropriate field (382)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Converting terms to singular
Converting terms to authorized LCMPT form
Identifying solo performers
Addition of number of performers after each term
Addition of total number of performers
Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject”
Headings (LCSH)
LCSH-to-LCMPT algorithm (example)
650 _0 $a Sonatas (Violin and piano)
Sonatas (Violin and piano)
Violin and piano
Violin|piano
382 _1 $2 lcmpt
382 _1 $a Violin $a piano $2 lcmpt
382 _1 $a Violin $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $2 lcmpt
382 _1 $a Violin $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s 2 $2 lcmpt
Conversion of legacy Library of Congress “Subject”
Headings (LCSH)
Timeline
(work done primarily by BCC Subject Access Subcommittee)
• Fall 2014
• Mapping from MARC Instruments and Voices Code List to LCMPT created
• LC’s Subject Headings Manual studied for LCSH patterns and permutations
• January-February 2015: LCSH-to-LCMPT algorithm drafted
• Spring 2015
• Refinement of LCSH-to-LCMPT algorithm
• Drafting and refinement of LCSH-to-LCGFT algorithm
• Summer-Fall 2015: testing, testing and more testing!
• Who? OCLC, LC, PCC, other willing institutions
• Following model of phased RDA conversion of LC Name Authority File
• 2016 (??): Agencies begin using converter in production databases
Fate of existing LCSH headings
• LCSH headings likely to remain in score and sound recording records
for some time to come
• LCGFT/LCMPT algorithms may never be perfect
• Discovery systems need time to catch up
• What about works about music?
• Not all LCSH music headings are appropriate for topical use
• What’s the granularity “cutoff”?
• Uncontrolled pattern headings
Fate of existing LCSH headings
• Types of topical music headings
• Topical only, per scope note and SHM
• Opera (vs. form heading Operas)
• Usable as topical or form
• Symphonic poems (presence of $x History and criticism signals topical use)
• Usable as topical or medium
• Violin music
• How granular should topical music headings be?
• Headings qualified by language
• Songs, French
• Headings that combine form/genre and medium
• Concertos (Piano) (might be worth keeping)
• Suites (Bassoon, clarinet, trombones (2), double bass, percussion) (maybe not)
• Headings qualified by Sacred/Secular
• Cantatas, Secular (or postcoordinate with Sacred music?)
• Stay tuned!!
Conclusion
● New music vocabularies
o Genre/form
o Medium of performance
o Demographic groups (coming soon)
● Catalogers have begun using these vocabularies in
their work, that is, “creating the data”
● Discovery tools lag behind in functionality
● Start the conversation with your ILS department,
vendors, and decision makers in your library
Questions?