Transcript chapter 14 - Delmar

PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
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Cengage
Learning
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Chapter 14
Kinesiology
©©2011
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Cengage
Learning
2010
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Objectives
• Upon completion of this chapter, you
should be able to:
– Explain the study of kinesiology
– Define the articular system and describe its
importance to movement
– Define the three classifications of joints
– State the six types of diarthroses joints
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2010
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Objectives (cont’d.)
• Upon completion of this chapter, you
should be able to (cont’d.):
– Define the 18 different movements of synovial
joints
– Explain the three anatomical planes and their
importance to medicine
– Explain the concept of open and closed
kinematic chains
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Kinesiology
• Study of physical activity or movement
– Encompasses anatomy, biomechanics,
physiology, psychomotor behavior, and various
social and cultural factors
– Focuses on exercise stress, movement
efficiency, and fitness
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Articular System
• Series of joints that allows movement
– Combined with neuromuscular system,
enables locomotion
• Joint articulation
– Formed when two bones come into contact
– Can be freely movable
• Arthrology
– Study of joints
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Classification of Joints
• Synarthroses
– Joints that lack a synovial cavity
– Held closely together by fibrous connective
tissue
– Immovable
– Three structural types
• Sutures
• Syndesmosis
• Gomphosis
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Classification of Joints (cont’d.)
• Amphiarthroses
– Slightly moveable
– Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or
fibrocartilage
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Classification of Joints (cont’d.)
• Diarthroses or synovial joints
– Freely movable
– Ends of opposing bones are covered with
articular cartilage
– Separated by joint cavity
– Components are enclosed in fibrous joint
capsule
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Movement of Diarthroses
• Range of motion in movable joints varies
– Synovial joints move most freely
– Shoulders have the greatest range of motion
– Joint stability is determined by:
• Shape of the bones where they come together
• Ligaments that join the bones
• Muscle tone
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Animation – Synovial Joints
Click Here to Play Synovial Joints Animation
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Disorders of Joints
• Bursitis
– Inflammation of synovial bursa
– Can be caused by excessive stress or tension
• Arthritis
– Inflammation of the entire joint
– Usually involves all joint tissues (cartilage,
bone, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves,
etc.)
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Disorders of Joints (cont’d.)
• Rheumatic fever
– Disease involving a bacterial infection
– If undetected, bacterium can be carried by the
bloodstream to the joints
• Results in rheumatoid arthritis
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Disorders of Joints (cont’d.)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
– Connective-tissue disorder
– Severe inflammation of small joints
• Severely debilitating
• Primary fibrositis
– Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue
– Called rheumatism, or if in lower back,
lumbago
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Disorders of Joints (cont’d.)
• Osteoarthritis
– Degenerative joint disease
– Occurs with advancing age
• Gout
– Accumulation of uric acid crystals in joint at
base of large toe and other joints of feet and
legs
• Waste-product crystals can accumulate in kidneys,
causing kidney damage
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Animation
Click Here to Play Body Planes Animation
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Closed and Open Kinematic Chains
• Closed kinematic chain
– Movement or exercise at the end of the chain,
farthest from the body, is fixed
• In a squat feet are fixed and the rest of leg chain
moves
• Open kinematic chain
– Movement or exercise at the end of the chain
is free
• Seated leg extension
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Conclusion
• Joints allow motion while providing stability
– Classified as nonmovable, slightly movable,
and freely movable
• Athletics involves movement in and
around many different planes
• Closed- and open-chain movements and
exercises provide different benefits
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2010
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