Transcript GCSE Booklet - Deyes High School

GCSE Music
DEYES HIGH SCHOOL
Name ______________________
GCSE Music
What do you need to do?
There are FIVE areas of study for all of the units in the course:
Rhythm and Metre
Harmony and Tonality
Texture and Melody
Timbre and Dynamics
Structure and Form
There are THREE strands through which these areas of study will be
explored:
The Western Classical Tradition
This includes:
Baroque Orchestral Music
The concerto
Music for Voices
Chamber Music
The Sonata
Popular Music of the 20th and 21st Centuries
This includes:
Blues
Popular Music of the 1960s
Rock Music
R ‘n’ B (Rhythm and Bass)
Film Music
World Music
This includes:
Music of the Caribbean
Music of Africa
Music of India
There are 4 units to the course:
Unit 1: Listening to and Appraising Music (20%)
You will sit a written exam lasting for 1 hour. This will be based on the five Areas of
Study explored through the three strands of learning.
Unit 2: Composing and Appraising Music (20%)
The Composition
This is ONE composition which is externally assessed.
You must choose TWO (or more) of the five Areas of Study
There must be a link to ONE of the three strands which is announced annually by AQA.
The strand for your composition is THE WESTERN CLASSICAL TRADITION
You will have up to 20 hours of Supervised Time in which to complete the
composition.
The Appraisal
You will have 2 hours of Controlled Time under formal supervision. This will be
completed in an appraisal booklet supplied by the exam board.
ASSESSMENT: You must hand in the following:
The recording of your composition on CD
A musical score
Your written appraisal exam
Unit 3: Performing Music (40%)
You must perform TWO pieces of music:
A Solo Performance
A Group Performance (Two or more live performers)
ASSESSMENT: Performances will be recorded and sent to the external moderator.
This is marked by your teacher but the marks and recordings are sent off to an
external moderator.
Unit 4: Composing Music (20%)
This is ONE composition which is internally assessed.
You must choose TWO (or more) of the five Areas of Study
The composition can be in any style or genre of your choice.
You will have up to 25 hours of Controlled Assessment in which to complete the
composition, under informal supervision.
This is marked by your teacher but the marks and work will be sent off to an external
moderator.
ASSESSMENT: Your composition must be submitted as follows:
A recording of the final composition on CD
A musical score
Area of Study 1
Rhythm and Metre
STRAND 1: RHYTHM AND METRE
TIME SIGNATURES
What is a time signature?
A time signature is placed at the beginning of a piece of music after the key
signature.
Time signature
There are many different time signatures as shown below, and they all have different
meanings
This means there are 4 crotchet beats in a bar. Most pop music is
written in this time signature. It is sometimes written as a big
letter ‘C’.
This means there are 3 crotchet beats in a bar. There are not
many pieces of pop music written in this time signature. It is used
in Western Classical music in waltz, sarabande and minuet.
2
4
This means there are 2 crotchet beats in a bar. Some pop music
might be written in this time signature.
6
8
This time signature creates a lilting effect. It is also used in gigues.
Task
Listen to the following pieces of music and write down the time signature of each
piece.
Piece
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time Signature
STRAND 1: RHYTHM AND METRE
All of the time signatures we have looked at so far are REGULAR time signatures. This
means that each bar has the same number of beats. Sometimes music can have an
IRREGULAR number of beats per bar, where the time signature constantly changes. Or
the music might be FREE. This means that there is no time signature.
Irregular and free time signatures would be used mostly in the very late 20th Century
Western Classical Tradition.
Notation
Music is written on a score using musical notes.
This piece is
in the time
signature of 4
4
There is no
key signature
(no sharps or
flats)
Note Equivalents
Semibreve = 4
Minim = 2
Minim = 2
Crotchet = 1
Crotchet = 1
Quaver = 1
2
Crotchet = 1
Quaver = 1
2
Semiquaver = 1 Semiquaver = 1
4
4
Crotchet = 1
Quaver = 1
2
Semiquaver = 1
4
Quavers are normally paired together like this
Semiquavers are normally joined in fours like this
Semiquaver = 1
4
= 1 beat
= 1 beat
Compose a rhythm using the following time signatures
1) 4
4
2) 3
4
3) 2
4
4) 3
4
5) 4
4
6) 2
4
Dotted Rhythms
There are some extra notes which have dots after them:
This is a crotchet with a dot. It is called a
DOTTED CROTCHET
It last for 1 and a half beats
This is a minim with a dot. It is called a
DOTTED MINIM
It last for 3 beats
Compose a two rhythms below which include the dotted notes
1) 4
4
2) 6
8
RESTS
Semibreve
4 beats
Minim
2 beats
Crotchet
1 beats
Quaver
Half a beat
Semiquaver
Quarter of a beat
Rests are important in music as they are silences. THEY ARE STILL
COUNTED AS PART OF THE NUMBER OF BEATS.
Compose 3 rhythms using all the notes and rests that you have learned
1) 4
4
2) 3
4
3) 2
4
Listening Test
Listen to the rhythms as they are played on a drum. Write down
the notes that you hear.
Question 1
1) 4
4
Question 2
2) 3
4
Question 3
3) 2
4
Question 4
4) 6
8
Augmentation and Diminution
Sometimes melodies are adapted as a piece of music progresses.
Augmentation means that each note is made longer (usually double)
Diminution means that each note is made shorter (Usually halved)
The following rhythm has been augmented:
Original rhythm:
Augmented rhythm:
The following rhythm has been diminished:
Original rhythm:
Diminished rhythm:
Area of Study 2
Harmony and Tonality
All music uses harmony. Any music that has more than one part has harmony.
Consonant or diatonic harmony is music that sounds pleasant.
Dissonant harmony is clashy harmony which can sound unpleasant
Task
Listen to the pieces of music. Write down whether you think the piece is consonant or
dissonant.
Piece Number
Consonant or Dissonant?
1
2
3
4
5
Cadences
Cadences are the final two chords of a piece of music or a section of music. There are
four types.
PERFECT CADENCE: The piece or section sounds finished
IMPERFECT CADENCE: The piece or section sounds unfinished
(PLAGAL CADENCE: Used widely in hymns – the piece sounds finished)
(INTERRUPTED CADENCE: Sounds like the must has bee interrupted – sounds
unfinished)
Additional information: Tierce de Picardie is when a piece which should end in a minor
key, ends in a major key.
Task
Listen to the pieces of music. Write down the cadence that you hear
Piece Number
Cadence type
1
2
3
4
5
The chords in a C major scale
Chord
Number
Major or Minor
Name
CEG
I
Major
Tonic
DFA
II
Minor
EGB
III
Minor
FAC
IV
Major
Subdominant
GBD(F)
V
Major
Dominant (7th)
ACE
VI
Minor
BDF
VII
Diminished
PEDAL: A pedal note is a note which continues over changing harmonies
DRONE: A drone is similar to a pedal but usually consists of 2 notes, spaced 5 notes
apart
TONALITY
Tonality is the key in which a piece of music is written
Major – the music sounds happy
Minor – the music sounds sad
Modal – the piece does not have the correct sharps and flats
Task
Listen to the pieces of music. Write down whether you think the piece is major, minor or
modal.
Piece Number
1
2
3
4
5
Tonality (Major, Minor or Modal?)
Key Signatures
A key signature is placed at the beginning of a piece of music,
before the time signature. It tells the performer which notes are
black notes.
No sharps or flats = C major
One sharp = G major
Two sharps = D major
One flat= F major
Two flats = Bb major
Three sharps = A major
Three flats = Eb major
Four sharps = E major
Four flats = Ab major
Modulation
Modulation is when a piece of music changes key. It might start in C major with no
sharps, and then it might modulate to G major. You can tell that it has modulated to
G major because there is the use of one sharp.
If a piece begins in the tonic key (I) and moves to the dominant key (V) then it has
modulated to its DOMINANT.
If a piece begins in a minor key and modulates to a major key, it has modulated to
its RELATIVE MAJOR (chord VI)
If a piece begins in a major key and modulates to a minor key, it has modulated to
its RELATIVE MINOR (chord VI)
Task
Listen to the pieces of music. Write down whether you think the piece has modulated to the
dominant, to the relative major or to the relative minor.
Piece Number
1
2
3
4
5
Modulation (Dominant, relative major or
relative minor)
Area of Study 3
Texture and Melody
Texture
This is the number of parts in a piece of music and the way that the parts relate to
each other. There are different types of textures.
The two main textures are:
• Homophonic (Harmonic)
This is multiple voices, in which the melody stands out. The accompanying instruments
all play the same rhythm.
• Polyphonic (Contrapuntal/ Imitative/ Canonic/ Layered)
This texture creates a complicated sound, with voices or parts interweaving. THIS IS A
Big CHARACTERISTIC OF BAROQUE MUSIC AND SOME CLASSICAL MUSIC. IT WOULD
NOT BE FOUND IN POP MUSIC.
Other textures include:
• Unison – All parts play or sing the same melody. There is no harmony.
• Octaves – The same melody is played or sung 8 notes (an octave) apart.
• Single melody line – This would be called MONOPHONIC texture
• Melody with accompaniment – This is a song or a piece for a solo instrument, which
is accompanied by an independent part (e.g. Piano or orchestra)
• Antiphonal – this texture could also be called “Call and Response” where one part
answers another. IT IS FOUND IN WORLD MUSIC as well as traditional orchestral music.
Task
Listen to the pieces of music. Write down whether you think the texture is Homophonic,
Polyphonic, Single melody line, Melody with accompaniment, or antiphonal. There is
one example of each texture.
Piece Number
1
2
3
4
5
Texture (Homophonic, polyphonic, single melody line,
melody with accompaniment or antiphonal.
TEXTURE
Homophonic
Music which has 3 or more parts – all of the
parts play the same rhythm
Polyphonic
Each part has the same melody but they start at
different times (Like a round)
Melody with
accompaniment
Monophonic/
Single Melody
Line
Antiphonal
A solo instrument is accompanied by a
piano or an orchestra or another
instrument.
One instrument/Voice plays
One part plays the ‘question’ and one part plays
the ‘answer’ (Call and Response would be one
example of this)
Melody
Intervals within the octave
An interval is the distance between two notes.
C#/Db D#/Eb
F#/Gb G#/Ab A#/Bb
C#/Db D#/Eb
F#/Gb G#/Ab A#/Bb
The interval between any two notes is a SEMITONE of a Minor 2nd.
For example C to C#, G# to A, Eb to E.
The following tables shows other intervals
Interval Name
Also called
Number of semitones
Major 2nd
2
Minor 3rd
3
Major 3rd
4
Perfect 4th
5
Augmented 4th/
Diminished 5th
TRITONE
6
Perfect 5th
7
Minor 6th
8
Major 6th
9
Minor 7th
10
Major 7th
11
Octave
12
Task
Work out the intervals of the following notes. Use the keyboard to help you.
Interval
Interval name
From
(Bottom Note)
To
(Top Note)
C
E
D
G#
Eb
Bb
G
G#
Conjunct and Disjunct Melodies
Conjunct Melody – This is a melody which moves by step (i.e. Movements of a minor
2nd or a major 2nd)
Disjunct Melody – This is a melody which moves by leaps (i.e. Intervals from a minor
3rd upwards)
Task
Listen to the melodies played. Decide if it is a conjunct melody or a disjunct melody.
Piece Number
1
2
3
4
5
Conjunct Melody or Disjunct Melody?
Interval Tests
In your exam you will be asked to identify the type of interval which you can hear in a
piece of music. Here are some famous pieces of music which begin with common
intervals.
Interval Name
Famous piece of music
Major 2nd
Happy Birthday to You
Minor 3rd
Greensleeves
Major 3rd
Oh When The Saints
Perfect 4th
Away in a Manger
Augmented 4th/
Diminished 5th
Perfect 5th
Twinkle Twinkle Little
Star
Minor 6th
Major 6th
Jingle Bells (Dashing
Through the Snow)
Minor 7th
Somewhere (There’s a
Place For Us)
Major 7th
Octave
Somewhere Over the
Rainbow
You can test out your knowledge and skills at:
http://www.musicalintervalstutor.com/
Minor 2nd
Major 2nd
Minor 3rd
Major 3rd
Perfect 4th
Jaws
What's New?
Nice Work if you can get it
San Francisco (Left my heart)
I Remember You
I'm Getting Sentimental over You
Bye Bye Black Bird
Stormy Weather
It's Been a Hard Day's Night (Beatles)
Happy Birthday
Rudolf the Red Nosed Reindeer
Silent Night
There Will Never be Another You
Tennessee Waltz
My Funny Valentine
Body and Soul
They Say, Ruby
Frere Jacques
Doe, a Deer (Sound of Music)
Work Song
Confirmation
Georgia on my Mind
A Foggy Day
Moontrane
The Impossible Dream
Somewhere my Love
O Canada
Oh Where, Oh Where has my Little dog
Gone?
Brahm's Lullaby
Greensleeves
So Long, Farewell (Sound of Music)
Oh When the Saints
I Can't Get Started
Kum Ba Yah
While Shepherds Watched
Sweet Hour of Prayer
Well I Come From Alabama
From the Halls of Montezuma
{Big Ben Sounding the Hour?}
Here Comes the Bride
Hark the Herald Angels Sing
Oh Christmas Tree
Doxy
'Round Midnight
Maiden Voyage
We Wish You a Merry Christmas
All the Things
Ornithology
Song for my Father
Love me Tender
Auld Lang Syne
Aura Lee
The British Grenadiers
Amazing Grace
Someday my Prince Will Come
Day is Done (Taps)
Augmented 4th
Maria (West Side Story)
The Simpsons
Perfect 5th
Twinkle, Twinkle
Theme from 2001
Whisper Not (Benny Golson)
Theme From Peanuts
Bags Groove
Lavender's Blue
Hey There Georgy Girl
Blackbird (Beatles)
Minor 6th
Love Story (third and fourth notes)
The Entertainer
Morning of the Carnival
Go Down Moses
The Entertainer (third and fourth notes)
Major 6th
My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean
Theme from "The Sting"
NBC
Dashing Through the Snow
Minor 7th
There's a Place for Us (West Side Story)
Old Star Trek Theme
Have You Driven a Ford?
Somewhere (West Side Story)
I'll Close My Eyes
Major 7th
Cast Your Fate to the Wind
Ceora
Theme from Fantasy Island
Superman
Bali Hai (South Pacific)
Octave
Somewhere Over the Rainbow
A Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting)
Let it Snow!
McDonald's Commercial (?)
Del Sasser
Blue Bossa
Task
Listen to the following intervals. See if you can recognise the intervals that you hear.
Piece
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Interval
Other words associated with melodies
Scale – This is movement by step
Arpeggio / Broken Chord – This is a chord broken up into its separate notes
Triad – This is the 3 main notes of a chord played together e.g. A chord of C major would
include C, E and G.
‘Extra’ notes found in melodies
Passing note – This is a note which joins two notes together e.g. If the notes C, E and
G were played as part of a melody, these could be joined together by passing notes D
and F.
C D E F G
Appoggiatura – This is a ‘grace’ note
It would be played like this
It acts as an extra note in the melody. The note coming before the D appoggiatura and
C note would be an E. It is like a passing note.
Acciaccatura – This is a very fast appoggiatura. The D note would be like a crunch
together with the C note.
Appoggiaturas and Acciaccaturas
(as well as TRILLS) are called
ORNAMENTS. They are found in
Baroque music, and some
classical music.
Blue Notes
Blue notes give music a bluesy feel. They are the flattened 3rd, the flattened 5th and the
flattened 7th degrees of the scale.
1) C
2) D
3) Eb
4) F
5) Gb
6) A
7) Bb
Types of Scale
Diatonic Scale – This is a ‘normal’ scale consisting of the movement of 5 tones and 2
semitones. (A tone is two semitones)
C
D
E
Tone
Tone
F
Semitone
G
Tone
A
Tone
B
Tone
C
Semitone
Chromatic Scale – This is all the black and white notes played one after another
C
C#
D
D#
E
F
F#
G
G#
A
A#
B
C
Pentatonic Scales – This is a scale consisting of 5 notes. All of the black notes would be a
pentatonic scale
C#
D#
F#
G#
A#
Whole Tone Scale – This is a scale consisting of all tones
C D E F# G# A#
Mode – This is a scale with no sharps or flats. For example a scale of G major should have
an F#. However, the mode of G is a scale of G with no F#.
G A B
C D
E F G
Task – Listen to the music. Decide what type of scale it is.
Piece Number
1
2
3
4
5
Type of Scale? – Diatonic, chromatic, pentatonic,
whole-tone or mode?
Musical Devices
A musical device is a device which is incorporated into a piece of music. The following
are all musical devices:
• Sequence – This is a melody or part of a melody which is transposed up or down
each time it is repeated.
e.g. C D E F G G ,
D E F G A A
,
E F G A B B
• Inversion – This is when a melody or part of a melody is inverted (or turned upside
down).
An example of inversion from
Rachmaninov’s ‘Variations on a Theme of
Paganini’)
• Glissando (Or slide or Portamento (might also be called a ‘pitch bend’)) – This is a
‘slide’ – for example on a trombone the player would blow down the trombone and
gradually move the slide out.
• Ostinato – This is a repeated rhythm (or one or two notes in a melody)
• Riff – This is a repeated melody, usually in the bass. e.g. The theme to Mission
Impossible contains a riff.
Task
Listen to the musical device. Decide which musical device you can hear.
Piece Number
1
2
3
4
5
Musical Device – Sequence, Inversion, Glissando,
Ostinato or Riff?
Articulation
Articulation – Articulation marks are placed on music to make it more interesting.
Articulation marks include:
Phrasing – Phrases in music are like musical sentences. A phrase mark goes over the
top of each musical sentence.
Phrase Marks
Slur – these two
notes would be
played smoothly
(legato), coming off
after the second
note.
Staccato – Play the
note short and
spiky
Area of Study 4
Timbre and Dynamics
Timbre
Timbre is the sound quality of an instrument or voice.
We will cover the instruments and voices singing and playing in the chapter ‘The
Western Classical Tradition’. We will also look at instruments used in ‘World Music’ in
that chapter.
Music Technology
Reverb: An echo effect is added to give the impression that the music has been
recorded in a large room.
Delay: When a delay effect is added the music sounds like it is quickly repeated
like an echo. It is possible to set the number of times that a sound will be
repeated.
Sampling: A live sound is recorded and then altered on a computer. Such things as
the sea or bird song have been used in pieces of music.
Looping: A bar of music is recorded onto the computer and then copied and
pasted so that the same bar is repeated over and over.
Scratching: A vinyl record is moved backwards and forwards as it plays.
Quantise: Music is recorded onto the computer and then put in time.
Vocoder: A voice is recorded and then a vocoder effect is added making the voice
sound distorted, like a robot.
Sequencing/ multi-track recording: Several tracks are recorded on top of each
other.
Panning: The music that has been recorded is moved between speakers. If the
music is panned to the right it will be heard only in the right speaker.
Pitch bend: A sound is recorded and a wheel on the keyboard is used to make the
sound drop a certain amount so it sounds like it slides between notes.
Task
Listen to the pieces of music. Write down 5 music technology effects you can hear in
each song.
Piece 1
Effect 1 ______________________________________
Effect 2 ______________________________________
Effect 3 ______________________________________
Effect 4 ______________________________________
Effect 5 ______________________________________
Piece 2
Effect 1 ______________________________________
Effect 2 ______________________________________
Effect 3 ______________________________________
Effect 4 ______________________________________
Effect 5 ______________________________________
Piece 3
Effect 1 ______________________________________
Effect 2 ______________________________________
Effect 3 ______________________________________
Effect 4 ______________________________________
Effect 5 ______________________________________
Piece 4
Effect 1 ______________________________________
Effect 2 ______________________________________
Effect 3 ______________________________________
Effect 4 ______________________________________
Effect 5 ______________________________________
Instrumental Techniques
There are many techniques that an instrument player might use.
Con Arco – a string player may see this on the music and it means ‘with bow’
Pizzicato - a string player may see this on the music and it means ‘plucked’
Con Sordino – this means to play the music muted.
A trumpet with a mute in it
A violin mute
Double Stopping – Usually a string player plays one string at a time. However,
string players could play two strings at a time. This means that the strings are
double stopped.
Tremolo – This is easiest to explain on a stringed instrument. The bow is moved
backwards and forwards over the string to create a vibration effect.
DYNAMICS
Dynamics are important in music. It means the volume of the music. Signs are written on
the music to show the changes in dynamic.
pp
p
mp
mf
f
ff
Pianissimo
Piano
Mezzo Piano
Mezzo Forte
Forte
Fortissimo
Very Quiet
Quiet
Quite Quiet
Quite Loud
Loud
Very Loud
Cresc.
Crescendo
Becoming Louder
Dim.
Diminuendo
Becoming Quieter
Sfz
Sforzando
One loud burst of sound
OTHER SIGNS AND SYMBOLS IN MUSIC
Pause – Hold this note for slightly longer
Repeat Marks
First and Second Time Bars
Task
Listen to the pieces of music. Write down the dynamic that you hear.
Piece Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Dynamic
Area of Study 5
Structure and Form
Every piece of music is designed in a certain way. This is called the FORM or STRUCTURE.
Binary Form
This is one of the most common structures. It has the structure:
Section A followed by Section B (or AB)
If you heard a verse and a chorus of a piece of music, this would be in Binary form as
section A would be the verse and section B would be the chorus. Section A and B are
different sections.
It is also used in a lot of Baroque music where section A is repeated twice followed by
section B repeated twice.
Ternary Form
This is one of the most common structures. It has the structure:
Section A followed by Section B and then Section A again (or ABA)
This form is used a lot in music of the Western Classical Tradition especially in
Baroque Arias (Da Capo Arias). This structure is also found in the Minuet and Trio (or
Minuet and Scherzo) which is the third movement of the sonata, symphony or string
quartet.
Rondo Form
‘Rondo’ form often occurs is usually the last movement of a sonata, symphony,
concerto or piece of chamber music. It has the structure:
ABACA
Theme and Variation Form
This is a ‘theme’ which is the basis of the set of variations. Therefore the structure
could be shown as:
A (Theme) A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 (Variations)
Call and Response Form
Call and Response is used widely in African Music. It has the form where there is a ‘call’
which is then responded to with the ‘response’. However, it is also used in other ways
such as the following example from ‘My Generation’ by The Who
Call
Response
Popular Song Form
Introduction – Verse 1 – Prechorus (or bridge) – chorus – Interlude – Verse 2 –
Prechorus (Bridge) – Chorus – Middle 8 – (Verse 3) – (Prechorus (Bridge)) – Chorus –
Ending.
Task
Listen to the piece of music. Which form do you think it is? Choose from Binary, Ternary
or Rondo
Piece Number
1
2
3
4
5
Form / Structure – Binary, Ternary or Rondo?
STRAND 1
THE WESTERN CLASSICAL TRADITION
HISTORY OF MUSIC TIMELINE
Stravinsky
1882-1971
Schoenberg
1874-1951
Haydn
17321809
Start of Twentieth Century
Start of Romantic Period
Start of Classical Period
Start of Baroque Period
Cristofori
invents the
piano (1720)
Barber
19101981
2000
Grieg
18431907
1900
Beethoven1
712-1773
Schostakovich
1906-1975
Tchaikovsky
1840-1893
1800
Pachelbel
16531706
Mozart
17561791
1700
1600
Vivaldi
16781741
Rachmaninov
1873-1943
Baroque Music - Handel
Classical Music - Mozart
Romantic Music - Strauss
The Orchestra
Instruments are placed in INSTRUMENTAL FAMILIES:
These are called:
• Strings
• Woodwind
• Brass
• Percussion
Strings
Violin
Cello
Viola
Double Bass
Woodwind
Flute
Piccolo
Clarinet
Oboe
Bassoon
Saxophone
Brass
Trumpet
Horn
Trombone
Tuba
Percussion
Snare Drum
Tambourine
Timpani Drum
Triangle
TASK: Instruments of the Orchestra
Listen to the 10 piece of music. For each piece, name the solo instrument as well
as naming the instrumental family from which the solo instrument comes.
Question
Number
Piece 1
Piece 2
Piece 3
Piece 4
Piece 5
Piece 6
Piece 7
Piece 8
Piece 9
Piece 10
Name of solo
Instrument
Instrumental Family
from which the solo
instrument comes
BAROQUE ORCHESTRAL MUSIC
Harpsichord
Instruments in the Baroque Orchestra
Keyboard Instruments
The Baroque orchestra uses a keyboard instrument called a harpsichord.
The harpsichord is not the same as a piano. When a key is pressed down, a string
inside the harpsichord is plucked. This makes it impossible to sustain notes.
The harpsichord acts as a BASSO CONTINUO. This means that the harpsichord player
plays music from numbers and a bass line to provide a harmony part. Usually a viol
(an early cello) also plays this bass part along with the harpsichord.
Strings
Early string instruments were call viols. The violin family replaced the viol family and
were used in late Baroque music. The Contrabass (or double bass) continued to be
used for the basso continuo (along with the bass viol or cello)
Woodwind
The main woodwind instruments used were the bassoon, flute and oboe. Some
brass instruments were used to fill in harmonies but these were NEVER USED AS
SOLO INSTRUMENTS.
Percussion
Timpani drums were the only percussion instrument used at this time
Forms of Music in the Baroque Period
The Concerto
There are two types of concerto:
1)
2)
Solo Concerto – for solo instrument and orchestra
Concerto Grosso – for a group of solo instruments and orchestra
The Concerto often incorporated a cadenza which is a difficult and improvised part for
the soloist. The soloist could show off their skills.
The Baroque Suite
This is a collection of dances
1. Overture
The Baroque suite was generally begun with a French overture
2. Allemande
Often the first dance of an instrumental suite the allemande was a very popular dance.
The allemande was played at a moderate tempo and could start on any beat of the bar.
3. Courante
The courante is a lively, French dance with 3 beats per bar.
4. Sarabande
The sarabande, a Spanish dance, is one of the slowest of the baroque dances. It also
has 3 beats per bar. It has an emphasis on the second beat, creating the characteristic
'halting‘ rhythm of the Sarabande.
5. Gigue
The gigue is an upbeat and lively baroque dance in 6/8, and usually ends the Baroque
Suite.
The form of all of these movements of the suite was BINARY
Minuet and Trio
Later on in the Baroque period, the Minuet became part of the Suite (explained in
the section on Baroque Music). The minuet and trio is in ternary form as follows:
MINUET – TRIO – MINUET
From the minuet, a scherzo was later developed which was a faster form of the
minuet. The scherzo was also played with a trio.
Variation Form (Baroque)
Variations were improvised on a GROUND BASS. The ground bass is a repeated bass
line which never changes.
The Baroque Sonata
There were 3 types of sonata:
1)
2)
3)
An unaccompanied solo sonata written for violin or cello
An accompanied solo sonata written for different instruments with basso continuo
A trio sonata written for two solo instruments and basso continue.
TASK
Listen to the piece of music.
From which movement of the Baroque Suite does this piece come?
Give ONE reason for your answer
Question 1
This piece of music comes from (Circle your answer)
Allemande
Courante
Sarabande
Gigue
Reason ___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Question 2
This piece of music comes from (Circle your answer)
Allemande
Courante
Sarabande
Gigue
Reason ___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Chamber Music
Chamber music is music written for a small group of instruments. This would
enable the musicians to fit into a room or a ‘chamber’.
String Quartet – this is a piece for 4 players. The instruments used a two violins, a
viola and a cello
Piano Trio – this is a piece for 3 players. There must be someone playing a piano
plus two other parts, usually a violin and a cello.
Other chamber music consists of music for other small groups such as quintets
(pieces for 5 players)
TASK: Is it a sonata, a symphony, a concerto, a string quartet or a piano trio?
Listen to the pieces of music. For each you must decide if it is an example of a
sonata, concerto, symphony, string quartet or piano trio. HINT: THERE IS ONLY ONE
EXAMPLE OF EACH TYPE OF WORK.
Piece Number
Piece number 1
Piece number 2
Piece number 3
Piece number 4
Piece number 5
Sonata/ Concerto/
Symphony/ String
Quartet or a Piano
Trio
Reason Why
The Sonata
This is a piece of music for solo piano OR solo instrument with
piano accompaniment
The concerto
This is a piece of music for solo instrument and orchestra
The Symphony
This is a piece of music for orchestra
TASK
Listen to the pieces of music. For each you must decide whether
the piece you can hear comes from a Sonata, a Concerto or a
Symphony. You must then give a reason for your answer.
Piece Number
Piece number 1
Piece number 2
Piece number 3
Piece number 4
Sonata/ Concerto
or Symphony
Reason Why
MUSIC FOR VOICE
Voice Type
Description
Soprano
A high pitched female voice
Alto
A low pitched female voice
Treble
A boy’s voice
Tenor
A high pitched male voice
Bass
A low pitched male voice
Madrigal
A madrigal is a secular (non-religious) Renaissance and Baroque vocal work. It most
frequently had between 3 and 6 performers and it was polyphonic/ contrapuntal,
where one part would copy another, creating an interweaving texture. This music is
strophic where each verse has the same or very similar music. Madrigals often end
phrases with a Tierce de Picardie. This is when a major chord is substituted for the
expected minor chord.
Aria
An aria is a song for voice, most usually taken from an opera (a stage dramatisation
containing singing and no speaking which is accompanied by an orchestra) but arias
can also be taken from oratorios (a choral work based on the bible sung by a choir
with soloists plus an orchestra) and cantatas (a vocal piece for one or two singers
accompanied by a harpsichord).
A ‘Da Capo’ aria is one written in ternary form (ABA)
A ‘Through-composed’ aria is one which has different music for each of it’s verses i.e.
there is no repetition.
Opera
This is the main work from which the aria is taken. An opera is a stage dramatisation
containing singing and no speaking which is accompanied by an orchestra. It is not
religious and is usually based on historical themes
Oratorio
Arias can be taken from oratorios. An oratorio is a choral work based on the bible sung
by a choir with soloists plus an orchestra.
Cantata
This is a vocal piece based on a religious or non-religious text for one or two singers,
accompanied by harpsichord. Later on the cantata was known as either an opera or an
oratorio as it was too similar.
STRAND 2
POPULAR MUSIC OF THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES
BLUES
Blues music is characterised by the use of a specific chord pattern – the 12 bar
blues.
C
C
C
C
F
F
C
C
G
F
C
C
This chord progression is used in conjunction with the blues scale
Blue notes give music a bluesy feel. They are the flattened 3rd, the flattened 5th and
the flattened 7th degrees of the scale.
1)
C
2) D
3) Eb
4) F
5) Gb
6) A
7) Bb
There will also probably be a walking bass line.
Walking bass line in the key of G major
Task
Listen to the walking bass line, blues melody and 12 bar blues chord progression in
the song ‘You Upset Me Baby’ by B.B. King
B.B. King Born: 16th Sept 1925
Popular Song Form
Introduction – Verse 1 – Prechorus (or bridge) – chorus – Interlude – Verse 2 –
Prechorus (Bridge) – Chorus – Middle 8 – (Verse 3) – (Prechorus (Bridge)) – Chorus –
Ending.
Task
Listen to the song. Write down the order of the sections of the song, starting with the
intro
Name of Song ___________________________
Artist __________________________________
Song Structure _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Name of Song ___________________________
Artist __________________________________
Song Structure _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Have a look at the other number 1 hits of the 1960s at:
www.everyhit.com
Task
Listen to the songs from the 1960s and answer the questions
Question 1
a) Name the type of solo voice(s) _________________________
b) Name 4 instruments that you can hear playing:
i) __________ ii) ________________ iii) ___________ iv) __________
c) What do you think the STRUCTURE of the song is?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Question 2
a) Name the type of solo voice(s) _________________________
b) Name 4 instruments that you can hear playing:
i) __________ ii) ________________ iii) ___________ iv) __________
c) What do you think the STRUCTURE of the song is?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Question 3
a) Name the type of solo voice(s) _________________________
b) Name 4 instruments that you can hear playing:
i) __________ ii) ________________ iii) ___________ iv) __________
c) What do you think the STRUCTURE of the song is?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Question 4
a) Name the type of solo voice(s) _________________________
b) Name 4 instruments that you can hear playing:
i) __________ ii) ________________ iii) ___________ iv) __________
c) What do you think the STRUCTURE of the song is?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
R ‘n’ B and Hip Hop
Hip Hop – This is music that contains rapping (e.g. Kanye West – Gold Digger)
R ‘n’ B - This is the name given to current music with a soul and funk influence. (e.g. Rihanna – Take a Bow)
Task
Listen to the following songs. Write down which style of music that you think it is and
why. You can choose from the following styles:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
1960s pop
Blues
Rock
R ‘n’ B
Hip Hop
Musical Theatre
Piece Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Style of Music
Reason why
Rock Music
EXTRA FACTS THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
• In rock music, guitars often use an effect called:
DISTORTION
Guitar distortion can provide a sustaining tone for playing
solos or leads, or a rough, crunchy tone suitable for rhythm
guitar.
Distortion and other guitar effects are produced by a guitar
pedal which plugged into the electric guitar.
Task
Apart from distortion, find out what other effects can be
produced on a guitar and write them below.
Other guitar effects are ________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Film Music
Below are 7 different genres of film. For each one, name as many films
as you can which fit with that particular genre. One film has been
named to help you
Westerns
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Monster
Jaws
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Horror
The Exorcist
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Science Fiction
Star Wars
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Fantasy
Harry Potter
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Thriller
The Perfect Storm
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Spy
James Bond
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
MUSICAL THEATRE
Musical theatre is the use of spoken word with songs interspersed throughout the
story.
Task
How many musicals can you name?
1.
4.
7.
2.
5.
8.
3.
6.
9.
Task
Listen to the song from a musical. For each song
• explain what the song is about.
• If you can, name the musical
• Name the solo voices
• Name at least 3 instruments that you can hear
• Give one other interesting feature of the music.
Question 1
a)
What is the song about? ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b) Name the musical _________________________________________________
c) Name the solo voice(s) ___________________________________________________
d)
Name 3 instruments _____________________ __________________ _____________
e) Name one other interesting feature ___________________________________________
Question 2
a)
What is the song about? ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b) Name the musical _________________________________________________
c) Name the solo voice(s) ___________________________________________________
d)
Name 3 instruments _____________________ __________________ _____________
e) Name one other interesting feature ___________________________________________
Question 3
a)
What is the song about? ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b) Name the musical _________________________________________________
c) Name the solo voice(s) ___________________________________________________
d)
Name 3 instruments _____________________ __________________ _____________
e) Name one other interesting feature ___________________________________________
Question 4
a)
What is the song about? ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b) Name the musical _________________________________________________
c) Name the solo voice(s) ___________________________________________________
d)
Name 3 instruments _____________________ __________________ _____________
e) Name one other interesting feature ___________________________________________
STRAND 3
WORLD MUSIC
Music and Culture
What
makes
music
unique to
a specific
culture?
What role
does
music play
in any
society?
Music from Africa
What do you already know? Match up the terms
with the definitions.
• Call and response
 Repeating pattern
 Lead drummer of a group
• Cross-rhythm
 Without musical accompaniment
 Statement from the lead and reply
• Polyrhythm

• Djembe
• Dundun
• A capella
• Ostinato
• Master Drummer



from the rest of the group
A type of African drum hit with the
hand
A type of African drum hit with a
stick
Two or more independent rhythms
playing together
Two beats and three beat patterns
going against each other
challenging the time signature on
the ear
WORLD MUSIC
AFRICA
• Syncopated rhythms
• Cross-rhythms
• Fast tempo
• Lively and Upbeat
• Call and Response
DJEMBE
Words particularly associated with African Music are:
Master Drummer
• A Master Drummer is really important in
African music.
• Usually a senior member of the drumming
ensemble directs the group, issues
drumming cues to indicate new sections of
the music, and improvising complicated
rhythms over a repeated pattern
• A master djembe player is called the
djembefola
African Composition
Rhythm Tempo Improvisation Dynamics
Texture Timbre Structure
Polyrhythm
Beginning: Master Drummer
plays four beats
Pattern: Play the rhythm and
say the words
Part 1- Shake rattle and roll
Part 2- I’m from Trowbridge
Part 3- Chicken Burgers
Break: four cymbal beats
Everyone: A cat, a dog, a monkey too, oh and a
big wet fish… urgh!
End: Play pattern four times- This time Shake
(CLAP) rattle and roll. End on last
“Trowbridge”
African
Composition
Beginning:
Instruments:
Pattern:
Musical Features
Break:
End:
TASK
Listen to the piece of African music.
1) Name the main African instrument(s) playing
2) Use at least 5 musical words to describe it
Question 1
The main African instrument playing is __________________________
Five musical words to describe this piece are:
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
Question 2
The main African instrument playing is __________________________
Five musical words to describe this piece are:
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
Musical Styles: Reggae
• Reggae is an important type of rock music from Jamaica.
Its origins can be found in Mento, Ska and Rock Steady.
Reggae changed the traditional rock patterns by allow
the guitar to play the off-beat chords, while the bass
guitar played melodic patterns.
Musical Styles: Calypso
Musical Styles: Ska
• http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=CDAiQ-P7GoA
• http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=CDAiQ-P7GoA
Musical Styles: Rock
Steady
Musical Styles: Merengue
Playing Reggae Music
Playing Reggae Music
CARIBBEAN
• Syncopated Rhythms
• Other European instruments
• Fast tempo
• Lively and Upbeat
STEEL DRUM
Words particularly associated with Caribbean Music are:
TASK
Listen to the piece of Caribbean music.
1) Name the main Caribbean instrument(s) playing
2) Use at least 5 musical words to describe it
Question 1
The main Caribbean instrument playing is _______________________
Five musical words to describe this piece are:
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
Question 2
The main Caribbean instrument playing is _______________________
Five musical words to describe this piece are:
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
INDIA
TABLA DRUMS
SITAR
• Indian Scale (Raga)
• Drone
Words particularly associated with Indian Music are:
Traditional Instruments
• Sitar – a large long necked string
instrument with 4-7 metal strings.
Five are plucked for the melody and
the other two create drone notes.
• Tambura – Backing instrument to
create the drone.
• Tabla – Tabla is a pair drums. The
smaller, right-hand drum is called the
tabla. The larger, lower-sounding
drum is called the baya.
– The sarangi: bowed string
instrument
– The bansuri: flute made of
bamboo
– The shenhai: instrument with a
double reed
– Singers
Indian Raga
•
Indian classical music is based on Ragas
•
A raga is a set of notes (usually between 5 and 8) which are combined to create
a particular mood
•
There are different raga’s (set of notes) for different times of the day
•
They are often influenced by religion, history and stories
•
Raga performances are improvised
•
They are passed down to generation by word of mouth
•
In each raga you will have the following elements:
– Melody
Drone
Rhythm
STRUCTURE
•
The tradition for a raga performance is to have three phases.
•
There are no gaps between the different phases
•
1) The Alap Section - This is the opening of the piece. It tends to be very slow
and only the melody and drone notes play
•
2) TheJor Section - This follows on from the ‘Alap’ section. The Tal rhythm
enters and the music is still relaxed
•
3) The Jhala Section - The Jhala follows the Jor section. This is the
development section and the music builds up in tempo. In this section the
melody and rhythm players take it in turn to improvise. The piece will then
come to an end.
TASK
Listen to the piece of Indian music.
1) Name the main Indian instrument(s) playing
2) Use at least 5 musical words to describe it
Question 1
The main Indian instrument (s) playing is _______________________
Five musical words to describe this piece are:
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
Question 2
The main Indian instrument (s) playing is _______________________
Five musical words to describe this piece are:
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________