Transcript Skeletal System Powerpoint

Award Levels
• Certificate – 1 AS – (30 credits)
• Subsidiary Diploma – 1 A-Level – (60
credits)
• Diplomas – 2 A-levels – (120 credits)
• Extended Diploma – 3 A Levels – (180
credits)
Year 12 Units
Single
Double
Triple
1: Anatomy & Physiology 8: Practical Team Sport
12: Current Issues in
Sport
2: Physiology of Fitness
13: Leadership in Sport
23: Organising Sports
Events
3: Assessing Risk in
Sport
14: Exercise, Health &
Lifestyle
26: Work Experience in
Sport
7: Fitness Testing for
Sport & Exercise
BTEC National
Body in Action
Learning Outcomes
1. Be able to label and correctly identify the
skeletal system
2. Understand the different types of bones
in the body and their purpose
Interesting Fact:
The human body has approximately 206
Bones.
Cranium
Mandible
Scapula
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Vertebrae
Ischium
Pelvis
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Sacrum
Femur
Ilium
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Structure of the Skeleton:
The bones of the skeleton can be divided into two
distinct categories:
AXIAL:
The Axial skeleton
provides the main
area of support for
the body, and
includes the
cranium, vertebral
column and ribcage.
Structure of the skeleton:
APPENDICULAR:
Consists of the
appendages, or the
bones of the limbs,
together with the
girdles that join on
to the axial
skeleton.
Functions of the Skeleton
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•
•
•
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Support
Protection
Attachment for skeletal muscle
Leverage
Blood cell production
Storage of minerals
Classifying Bones
There are 5 basic types of
bone. Their size and make up
are linked to how we use them.
Long
• These are the large bones in
our legs and arms. They are
used in the main
movements of the body.
Short
• These are the small bones at
the joints of our hands and
feet, allowing fine movements
Flat
• These are the bones of the
skull, shoulder girdle, ribs and
pelvic girdle. They
protect the vital organs of the
body. Large muscles can be
attached to the flat bones.
Irregular
• These are the bones in the
face and vertebral
column. They gave the body
protection and shape.
Sesamoid
• Sesamoid bones
have a specialised
function. They ease
joint movement and
resist friction and
compression. They
are usually
developed in tendons
and are covered in a
layer of articular
cartilage. The largest
is the patella in the
knee. This also
prevents the knee
from hyperextending.
Joints

The human skeleton is jointed to
allow movement.

Muscular contraction causes the
bones to move about the joints.

The bones act as levers with the
joints acting as pivots.
A joint is where two or more bones meet and
muscles act together to cause movement.
Types of Joints
There are 3 main types of joint found in the body.
1. Fixed or Immoveable Joints
The bones at an immoveable joint cannot move they overlap or interlock, and are held together by a
tough fibre, e.g. the skull.
2. Slightly Moveable Joints
The bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move
a little - they are held together by strong straps
called ligaments and are joined by protective pads
known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs.
3. Freely Moveable Joints
At a freely moveable joint the bones move freely.
They are also known as synovial joints, and
are the largest group of joints found in the body,
e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees.
Freely Moveable Joints


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Freely Moveable joints are also known as Synovial Joints.
They are freely moving and occur where 2 or more bones meet.
There are about 70 freely moveable joints in the human skeleton.
A typical synovial joint has the following characteristics:
1. Cartilage – A material which covers the end of each bone, and
which helps prevent friction between the joint.
2. Joint Capsule – The outer covering of the joint that holds the
bones together and protects the joint.
3. Synovial Membrane – The inner lining of the joint
capsule which also produces synovial fluid.
4. Synovial Fluid – The fluid which surrounds the joint and
acts like an ‘oil’, lubricating it to allow easy movement.
5. Ligaments – These are elastic straps which join bone to
bone, holding the joint together.
6. Tendons – These are non-elastic straps which join muscle to bone.
Examples of Synovial Joints
Hip Joint
This joint can be moved in the
following ways:


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

Bend
Straighten
Circle
Move away from the body
Move towards the body
Elbow Joint
This joint can be moved
in the following ways:


Bend
Straighten
Shoulder Joint
This joint can be moved in the
following ways:





Bend
Straighten
Circle
Move away from the body
Move towards the body
Knee Joint
This joint can be moved in
the following ways:


Bend
Straighten
Wrist Joint
This joint can be moved in the following ways:





Bend – but not as much as the knee & elbow.
Straighten - but not as much as the knee & elbow.
Circle – but not as much as the shoulder & hip.
Move away from the body – but not as much as the shoulder & hip.
Move towards the body – but not as much as the shoulder & hip.
Types of Synovial Joints
Freely moveable (synovial) joints can be
divided into six groups depending upon
how they move.
KEY
Ball & Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Ellipsoid or
Condyloid Joint
1. Ball and Socket Joints
Ball and Socket joints are the most moveable joints in the body.
They can move in all directions, e.g. the hip and shoulder joints.
2. Hinge Joints
Hinge joints work like a hinge on a door.
They can only move in two directions, e.g. the knee and elbow joints.
3. Pivot Joints
This joint only allows rotation,
e.g. the vertebrae of the neck.
4. Gliding Joints
There is a little movement in all
directions, e.g. the hand between
the carpals.
5. Saddle Joints
In these joints there is movement
forwards, backwards and to the
right and left, but no rotation,
e.g. the thumb.
6. Condyloid Joints
Here there is a little movement in
all directions, but there is no
rotation, e.g. the wrist.
What types of movement are possible
at the following joints?
Ball and Socket Joint:
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Extension
Flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Hinge Joint:
 Extension
 Flexion
Pivot Joint:
 Rotation
Types of movement
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation
Pronation
•Supination
•Plantar Flexion
•Dorsiflexion
•Inversion
•Eversion
•Hyper-extension
Movement at Synovial Joints
Different types of synovial joints allow different kinds of movement.
1. Extension: Straightening or
extending a limb.
Example: the arm can be
extended at the elbow.
2. Flexion: Bending or flexing
a limb.
Example: the leg can be
flexed at the knee.
3. Abduction: Moving a limb away
from the centre line
of the body.
Example: The leg can be moved
away from the centre of the body
at the hip.
4. Adduction: Moving a limb
towards the centre
line of the body.
Example: The arm can be moved
towards the centre of the body at
the shoulder.
5. Rotation: This is a turning or
6. Circumduction: The ability of a
rotational movement of
limb to be
a limb or body part.
moved in circles.
Example: the head can be rotated
at the neck.
Example: the arm can move in
circles at the shoulder.