Transcript introduction to body structure

INTRODUCTION TO
BODY STRUCTURE
BELL RINGER ACTIVITY: WHAT DO YOU
THINK CAUSES A BLACK EYE. THEN READ
THE REAL LIFE FEATURE IN THIS SECTION
AND COMPARE YOUR ANSWER TO THE
ONE GIVEN THERE.
I. Levels of Structural
Organization
A. Our Bodies are organized into 4 levels:
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems
Tissues are a groups of cells that work
together to perform a particular function.
B. 4 Basic kinds of tissue:
• 1. Epithelial
• 2. Nervous
• 3. Connective
• 4. Muscle
Epithelial
• Lines most body surfaces
• Protects from dehydration
and physical damage
• Only a few cells thick
• Shape: Flat and Thin
• They are constantly being replaced.
• Cells contain very little cytoplasm.
Nervous
• Carry information throughout the body.
Connective
• Supports, protects and insulates the
body.
• Includes fat, cartilage, bone, tendons
and blood.
• Cells in bone are densely packed while
cells in blood are farther apart from each
other.
Muscle Tissue
• Enable the Movement of body structures by
Muscle Contraction
• 3 kinds of muscle tissue: Skeletal,smooth and
cardiac
1. Skeletal Muscle is called VOLUNTARY
muscle because you can Consciously
control its contractions. This muscle
moves BONES and LIMBS.
3 kinds of muscle tissue: Skeletal,smooth and cardiac con’t
2. Smooth muscle is called
INVOLUNTARY muscle because you
CANNOT CONSCIOUSLY control its
slow, long lasting contractions. Some
must be STIMULATED to CONTRACT,
others CONTRACT spontaneously.
3 kinds of muscle tissue: Skeletal,smooth and cardiac con’t
• 3. Cardiac muscle is found in the HEART.
The contractions of cardiac muscle pump
BLOOD to all body tissues.
STEM CELLS
• ARE UNDIFFERENTIATED WHICH
MEANS THAT THEY WILL GIVE RISE TO
ALL OF THE OTHER TYPES OF CELLS.
An embryonic stem cell can become ANY
TYPE OF TISSUE IN THE BODY. The
use of human embryonic stem cells is
CONTROVERSIAL. WHY?
Organ Systems
• Each system is made up of ORGANS that work
together to perform certain functions.
• Look at your Body systems chart
• Which system is made up of skin, hair and
nails?
Integumentary
• What is the function of this system?
protects against injury, infection and fluid
loss;helps regulate body temp
• The pancreas is part of which 2 systems?
Digestive and endocrine
Body Cavities
The major organs of the Body are protected by
4 large fluid-filled spaces called BODY
CAVITIES.
What are the 4 body cavities?
CRANIAL,SPINAL,THORACIC,ABDOMINAL
• Cranial cavity protects THE BRAIN
WITH SKULL
• Spinal cavity protects THE SPINAL
CORD WITH THE VERTEBRAE
• Thoracic cavity protects THE
HEART AND LUNGS WITH THE
RIBS AND STERNUM
• Abdominal cavity protects THE
DIGESTIVE ORGANS WITH THE
PELVIS AND ABDOMINAL MUSCLES.
ENDOTHERMY
• Humans are ENDOTHERMIC which means
that our bodies maintain a constant internal
TEMPERATURE.
• A large amount of food you eat is devoted to
MAINTAINING YOUR BODY TEMPERATURE.
• To maintain HOMEOSTASIS, the body’s organ
systems must function smoothly TOGETHER.
• What does homeostasis mean?? Look it up if
you don’t remember!!!!
• HOMEOSTASIS INCLUDES BODY TEMP
REGULATION, ADJUSTING
METABOLISM, DETECTING AND
RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL
STIMULI, AND MAINTAINING WATER
AND MINERAL BALANCES
• Try to perform a few simple
tasks without bending your
fingers, such as picking up
your pencil, turning a page,
puttin on your jacket, tying
your shoe.
• How important are joints?
Skeletal system
• The functions of the
skeleton include:
1. PROTECTION FOR
INTERNAL ORGANS
2. ENABLES MOVEMENT
(WORKS WITH MUSCULAR
SYSTEM)
• The human
skeleton is made
up of 206 bones.
(80 form the AXIAL
skeleton and 126
form the
APPENDICULAR
skeleton)
• The skull, spine, ribs and sternum
are part of the AXIAL skeleton and
the bones of the arms, legs,
pelvis and shoulder are part of
the APPENDICULAR
Maxilla
Mandible
skull
clavicle
scapula
sternum
Xiphoid Process
Ilium
Sacrum
coccyx
ischium
humerus
vertebrate
Pelvic girdle
radius
ulna
carpels
metacarpels
phalanges
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsels
metatarsels
phalanges
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
sacrum
coccyx
Hands and Feet Bones
carpels
metacarpels
phalanges
tarsels
metatarsels
phalanges
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Temporal Lobe
Nasal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Occipital Lobe
Mandible
Structure of the Bone
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Yellow Marrow
Red Marrow
Blood Vessels
Periosteum
Some cavities in spongy bone are filled with a
soft tissue called BONE MARROW.
• Red Marrow- PRODUCTION OF ALL BLOOD
CELLS AND PLATELETS
• Yellow Marrow- CONSISTS OF FAT WHICH
STORES ENERGY
• Periosteum- TOUGH EXTERIOR THAT
SURROUND AND PROTECTS BONES.
The periosteum contains many BLOOD VESSELS that
supply NUTRIENTS to bones.
• In Early development, the skeleton is
mostly made of CARTILAGE. During
development, cartilage is replaced with
BONE.
OSTEOPOROSIS
• Is caused by severe BONE LOSS.
Osteoporosis means “POROUS BONES”.
Bones affected by osteoporosis become brittle
and are easily broken.
• How to prevent it? EAT A HEALTHY DIET
RICH IN VITAMINS AND MINERALS AND
EXERCISE.
Muscular System
Muscles and Movement
Every time you MOVE you use your
MUSCLES.
Movement of the Skeleton
• Muscles can move body parts because they are
attached to the BONES OF THE SKELETON
by TENDONS.
• One attachment of the muscle that remains
stationary during a muscle contraction is the
ORIGIN. The muscle pulls AGAINST the origin.
• The INSERTION is the bone that MOVES
during the contraction.
• Movement occurs when A MUSCLE
CONTRACTION PULLS THE MUSCLE’S
INSERTION TOWARD ITS ORIGIN.
• Skeletal muscles are generally attached in
opposing PAIRS. One muscle in a pair
pulls a bone in one DIRECTION and the
other muscle pulls the bone in the
OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
• In the limbs (arms,legs, etc. ) each
opposing pair of muscles includes a
FLEXOR muscle and an EXTENSOR
muscle.
• Answer the questions below:
MUSCLE CELLS
• ARE ELASTIC
• CONTAIN ACTIN AND
MYOSIN WHICH ENABLE
MUSCLE TO CONTRACT
• HAVE THE ABILITY TO
STRETCH OR EXPAND
• HAVE THE ABILITY TO
RESPOND TO STIMULI
(SUCH AS SIGNAL
MOLECULES RELEASED
BY NERVE CELLS)
• Muscle cells require a lot of
ENERGY. The energy
molecule that is used is ATP.
ATP is also used to move
CALCIUM ions into muscle
cells. Without CALCIUM IONS
and ATP, muscle cells could
not contract.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy
Pathways
• (aerobic= with oxygen; anaerobic= without
oxygen) During strenuous workouts muscles
can use only GLYCOGEN as an energy
source. When ATP use EXCEEDS
production, muscle fatigue and soreness
may result.
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TOLD
THAT YOUR EPIDERMIS IS
SHOWING?
WELL IT IS!!!!!!!!!!
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMSKIN,HAIR AND NAILS
SKIN
• Largest organ of the body
• Protects the body from injury
• Provides the first line of defense
against disease
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Prevents the body from drying out
The 2 primary layers of skin are the
DERMIS and EPIDERMIS.
• EPIDERMIS
The OUTERMOST layer
of skin are the DERMIS
and EPIDERMIS. It is
made up of several layers
of EPITHELIAL cells. The
outside layer of cells are
dead and are made up of
the protein KERATIN.
This protein makes the
skin TOUGH and
WATERPROOF.
Cells of the epidermis are shed about
a MONTH after they reach the
surface. The inner layer of the
epidermis contains the pigment
MELANIN which determines a
person’s SKIN COLOR. Exposure to
UV radiation INCREASES the
production of melanin, giving some
people a SUNTAN.
Dermis
• The dermis is the
FUNCTIONAL layer of
skin beneath the
epidermis.
• The dermis contains:
NERVE CELLS, BLOOD
VESSELS, HAIR
FOLLICLES, AND
SPECIALIZED SKIN
CELLS and tiny
MUSCLES. These tiny
muscles cause you to
get GOOSE BUMPS.
muscle
Sebaceuos
gland
Hair follicle
epidermis
Subcutaneous Tissue
• It is located under the DERMIS and is
made mostly of FAT.
This layer acts as a
• SHOCK ABSORBER
• PROVIDES ADDITIONAL INSULATION
• STORES ENERGY
• ANCHORS SKIN TO ORGANS
Hair and Nails
• They come from the EPIDERMIS.
• Hair PROTECTS and
INSULATES the body. Hair is
mostly made from dead
KERATIN-FILLED cells.
Nerve
epidermis
Dermis
muscle
Hair shaft
pore
Oil gland
Hair
follicle
Blood
vessel
Sweat gland
Skin Disorders
ACNE
• Involves the Skin’s OIL PRODUCING
GLANDS
• Oil glands release SEBUM. Acne is
caused by excessive secretion of sebum
which BLOCKS PORES WITH OIL, DIRT
AND BACTERIA. The surrounding tissue
becomes infected and the pores
accumulate pus, producing PIMPLES
Skin Cancer
• Can result form overexposure to UV
RADIATION.
• CARCINOMAS are the most common types
of skin cancer.
• Malignant
melanoma is a
cancer caused by
MUTATIONS in
pigment-producing
cells.
• Prevention of skin
cancer includes:
AVOID OVEREXPOSURE TO
SUN &WEAR
SUNSCREEN