Transcript Recognition of Injuries

Recognizing Different
Sports Injuries
Chapter 13
Pages 315-334
Acute vs. Chronic
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Acute (Traumatic)
Injuries: fractures,
dislocations, subluxations,
contusions, ligament
sprains, muscle strains,
muscle soreness, and
nerve injury
Chronic (Overuse)
Injuries: tendinitis,
tenosynovitis, bursitis,
osteoarthritis, and trigger
points.
Acute Injury: Fractures
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Anatomy of a Long Bone: diaphysis, epiphysis, articular
cartilage, and periosteum.
Signs and symptoms: obvious deformity, point tenderness,
swelling, pain with ROM, and/or crepitus.
Fractures can occur via the following forces: tension,
compression, bending, twisting, and shear.
Fracture Healing
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Open vs. closed fractures.
Immobilization for period of 3-6 weeks.
Osteoblasts must lay down extra bone formation and form a
callus.
Osteoclasts help to reshape the bone in response to normal
stresses and strains.
Types of fractures with pictures available in your text on pages
300-301.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKH4-2-O1EI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQkt6ZDtVS4&feature=related
Acute Injury: Dislocations
and Subluxations
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Dislocation – a bone is forced out of alignment and stays out
until it is either manually or surgically put back into place or
reduced.
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Subluxation – a bone pops out of its normal articulation but
then goes right back into place.
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Commonly occur at the shoulder, elbow, and fingers.
Commonly occur at the shoulder and patella.
Dislocations and subluxations may result in a rupture of
stabilizing ligaments and tendons surrounding the joint.
Compare bilaterally.
Dislocations should never be reduced immediately and
considered a potential fracture.
Other concerns: avulsion fracture, growth plate injury, and/or
damage to nerve/blood vessels.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kK52APqMjiA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjJi_FCRhl0&feature=related
Acute Injury: Ligament
Sprains
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Sprain – injury to a ligament that connects bone to
bone.
A ligament is a tough, inelastic band of tissue that
connects one bone to another.
Anatomy of a synovial joint: articular/hyaline
cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, and
synovial fluid.
Mechanoreceptors - located in muscles, tendons,
ligaments, and joints - provides information
regarding the position of a joint.
Meniscus
The anatomical position of a ligament determines
what motions a joint is capable of making.
Classification of ligament sprains: Grade 1 sprain,
Grade 2 sprain, and Grade 3 sprain.
Acute Injury: Muscle
Injuries
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Muscle strain – a stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or
tendon.
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Severity of damage: grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 muscle
strains.
Muscle cramps – involuntary muscle contraction.
Muscle guarding – muscle contraction in response to pain.
Muscle soreness: acute-onset muscle soreness and
delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Contusion – results when soft tissues are compressed
between bone and external force.
Nerve Injuries
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Nerve injuries usually involve compression or tension;
Trauma can result in hypoesthesia, hyperesthesia,and/or
paraesthesia.
Neuritis – chronic nerve irritation.
Chronic Overuse Injuries
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Tendinitis – inflammation of a tendon.
Tenosynovitis – inflammation of a tendon
and its synovial sheath.
Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa sac.
Osteoarthritis – a wearing down of
hyaline cartilage.
Myofascial trigger point – area of
tenderness in a tight band of muscle.
Healing Process
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Inflammatory Response Phase
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Fibroblastic Repair Phase
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Most critical phase of healing process; begins
immediately following injury; phagocytes eat
debris; chemicals released; 2-4 days
Fibroplasia; hours to weeks; signs and
symptoms associated with inflammation begin
to decrease; injury still tender to touch and
painful with ROM
Maturation-Remodeling Phase
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Long-term process; realignment of scar tissue
per tensile forces placed on scar