Transcript Anatomy Unit 4 Review Answers

Anatomy
Unit 4
Review
Answers
(1) Which 4 structures are included in
the skeletal system?
• Bones
• Joints
• Cartilage
• Bone marrow
(2) What are the 5 functions of the
skeletal system?
• Protection
• Support
• Movement
• Mineral + Growth hormone
storage
• Blood Cell Production
(3) Which bone makes up your lower
jaw?
• mandible
(4) Which bone makes up your upper
jaw?
• maxilla
(5) Which bones sit perpendicular to your
sternum, and directly beneath your neck?
• Clavicle bones
(6) What is the bone to which the ribs
connect to?
• Vertebral column
(8) Which bone is your “shoulder
blade”?
• scapula
(9) Which bone makes up the upper
portion of your arm?
• humerus
(10) Which 2 bones make up your
forearms?
• Radius
• Ulna
(11) Which 2 bones make up your
wrists and palms?
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
(12) Which bone makes up the upper
portion of your leg?
• femur
(13) Which 2 bones make up your
shins?
• Tibia
• Fibula
(14) Which 2 bones make up your
ankles and the soles of your feet?
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
(15) What bone makes up your
fingers and toes?
• phalange
(16) Which bone is your kneecap?
• patella
Skip #17-21…. 
(22) What are the 2 bone regions?
• Axial
• Appendicular
(23) Which bones make up the axial
skeleton?
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Center of pelvis
• Sternum
• Ribs
(24) Which bones make up the
appendicular skeleton?
• Arms
• Legs
• Shoulders
• Hips
(25) What are the 4 types of bones?
• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
(26) What is the function of long
bones?
• Weight support
• Movement
(27) Provide 2-3 examples of long
bones:
• Humerus, radius, ulna
• Femur, tibia, fibula
• phalanges
(28) What is the function of short
bones?
• Increase range of body
movement
(29) Provide 2-3 examples of short
bones:
• Carpals, metacarpals
• Tarsals,metatarsals
(30) What is the function of flat
bones?
• Protection
(31) Provide 2-4 examples of flat
bones:
• Skull
• Scapula
• Sternum
• ribs
(32) What is the function of irregular
bones?
• Attachment sites for muscles,
tendons, ligaments…
(33) Provide 2 examples of irregular
bones:
• Vertebral column
• Pelvis / hip
(34) What and Where is compact
bone?
• What: dense layer of bone
• Where: outside of bones
(35) What and Where is spongy
bone?
• What: porous layer of bone
• Where: inside bone
(36) What is the diaphysis?
• Shaft of the bone
(37) What is the epiphysis?
• The very end of a long bone
(38) What is the epiphyseal plate in a
bone?
• Area of cartilage growth
• At the end of bones
(epiphyses)
• Shows up as epiphyseal line
(39) What and Where is the
periosteum?
• What: membrane that connects
nerves, blood vessels, and
lymph vessels to bone…
• Where: outside of compact
bone….
(40) What and Where is the
endosteum?
• What: membrane that connects
nerves, blood vessels and lymph
vessels to bone….
• Where: inside, surrounding the
spongy bone….
(41) Which structures make up the
organic portion of bone? What is their
function?
• Bone Cells…
–Osteoblasts = baby bone cells
–Osteoclasts = cannibal bone cells
–Osteocytes = mature bone cells
• Osteoid….
–Goo that contains bone nutrients +
osteoblasts!
–Necessary for bone development + repair!
(42) What is osteoid?
• Nutrient Goo
• Contains necessary cells +
vitamins/ions for bone
growth
(43) Which compounds make up the
inorganic portion of bone?
• Calcium & Phosphate
(Minerals)
• Growth Hormones
Skip #44-45! 
(46) What are osteoblasts?
• Baby bone cells
• Secrete osteoid
(46) What are osteoblasts?
• Baby bone cells
• Secrete osteoid
• Develop into mature bone
cells
(47) What are osteocytes?
• Mature bone cells
(48) What are osteoclasts?
• Cannibal bone cells
• They eat bone debris + excess
material
(49) Which factors can cause bone
injury?
• Increase in weight
• Irregular twisting
• Irregular bending
• Irregular rotation
(50) What is a comminuted fracture?
Why does it happen?
• What: fracture in which bone
breaks into 3 or more pieces
• Why: smash into something
(51) What are osteoblasts?**
• Baby bone cells….
• We already did this one 
(52) What are osteocytes?**
• Mature bone cells…
• We already did this one 
(53) What are osteoclasts?**
• Cannibal bone cells…
• We already did this one 
(54) Which factors can cause bone
injury? **
• Weight, twisting, bending,
rotating…
• We already did this one 
(55) What is a comminuted fracture?
Why does it happen?
• What: Bone breaks into 3 or
more pieces…
• Why: Smash into something…
• We already did this one 
(56) What is a spiral fracture? Why
does it happen?
• What: Ragged diagonal
fracture
• Why: Irregular twisting
(57) What is a depressed fracture?
Where does it happe?
• What: piece of bone is
pushed inwards
• Where: skull
(58) What is a transverse fracture?
• Perpendicular
• Clean Break
(59) What is an oblique fracture?
• Diagonal
• Clean Break
(60) What is an open fracture?
Where is it common?
• What: Bone breaks through
skin…
• Where: clavicles, forearms,
ribs, shins…
(61) What is a compression fracture?
What causes it? Where?
• What: Bone is pulverized
• Cause: Brittle / Old Bones
• Where: Spine, Heels / Feet
(62) What is an epiphyseal fracture?
Why does it happen?
• What: Epiphysis breaks off
diaphysis, at the epiphyseal
line
• Why: Brittle / Old Bones
(63) What is a greenstick fracture?
Why does it happen?
• What: bone breaks
incompletely
• Why: You are a young child +
bones are flexible
(64) What are the 4 stages of bone
repair?
• Hematoma
• Fibrocartilaginous Callus
• Bony Callus
• Remodeling
(65) What happens during hematoma
formation?
• Busted blood vessels spew
out blood….
• Blood / Fluid pools under skin
@ wound site
(66) What happens during the
Fibrocartilaginous Callus formation?
• Cartilage reconnects main
bone pieces
• Osteoclasts devour debris
(67) What happens during the bony
callus formation?
• Establish spongy + compact
bone
(68) What occurs during final bone
remodeling?
• Compact bone thickened
• Osteoclasts minimize excess
bone material
(69) What are joints?
• Spaces in between 2 bones
(70) What are the 6 types of joints?
• Pivot
• Condyloid
• Plane
• Hinge
• Saddle
• Ball and socket
(71) What is the purpose of joints?
• Allow for wider range of
movement.
(72) What type of movement do pivot
joints allow for? Where are they?
• Movement: uniaxial
• Where: vertebral column
(73) What type of movement do
condyloid joints allow for? Where are
they?
• Movement: angular
• Where: wrist and knuckles
(74) What type of movement do plane
joints allow for?
Where are they?
• Movement: short gliding
• Where: intercarpal /
intertarsal
(75) What type of movement do hinge
joints allow for? Where are they?
• Movement: uniaxial
• Where: elbow,
interphalangeal
(76) What type of movement do saddle
joints allow for? Where are they?
• Movement: angular
• Where: thumbs, metacarpal
(77) What type of movement do ball and
socket joints allow for? Where are they?
• Movement: universal
• Where: shoulder + hips
(78) What is a sprain?
• Tear / Pull in
muscle/tendon/ligament
(79) What is a dislocation?
• Bone is out of socket/joint
(80) What are the 3 types of muscle?
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth
(81) What does skeletal muscle look
like?
• Striped (striated)
(82) What type of movement does
skeletal muscle allow for?
• Whole body movement
(83) Where can you find skeletal
muscle?
• On top of your skeleton
(bones)
(84) What does cardiac muscle look
like?
• Branched
(85) What type of movement does
cardiac muscle allow?
• Heart contraction
• Fast contraction
• Involuntary
(86) Where can you find cardiac
muscle?
• Heart
(87) What does smooth muscle look
like?
• Smooth
(88) What type of movement does
smooth muscle allow for?
• Secretions + churning
• Involuntary
(89) Where can you find smooth
muscle?
• Digestive system
(90) What are the 4 functions of
muscle?
• Whole body Movement
• Heat production
• Maintain upright position
• Organ movement
(91) List the parts of skeletal muscle:
• Macroscopic  Microscopic:
–Muscle
–Fascicle
–Muscle fiber
–Myofibril
–Sarcomere
–Myofilament
(92) What is the muscle?
• Organ
(93) What is a fascicle?
• Bundle of muscle fibers
(94) What / Where is the epimysium?
Perimysium?
• Epimysium = membrane
covering outside of whole
muscle
• Perimysium = membrane
covering fascicle
(95) What is a muscle fiber?
• Muscle cell
(96) What is a myofibril?
• Organelle inside muscle fiber
(97) What is a sarcomere?
• Contractile unit inside
myofibril-organelle
(98) What are the myofilaments?
• Parts that contract w/in
sarcomere…
• Actin & Myosin
(99) What / Where is actin?
• What: myofilament (thin)
• Where: inside muscle fiber…
inside the sarcomere of
myofibril
(100) What/Where is Myosin?
• What: myofilament (thick)
• Where: inside muscle fiber…
inside sarcomere of myofibril
(101) Why is a muscle contraction
called the sliding filament theory?
• Actin + myosin = filaments
• They slide together
• That is a muscle contraction
(102) What causes a muscle
contraction?
• Sliding of actin + myosin past
each other…
(103) Describe the sodium-potassium
channel initiation…
• Acetylcholine binds to
sarcolemma of muscle fiber…
• Na-K channels open for
depolarization…
(104) Briefly describe what happens
during depolarization of the sarcolemma:
• Na and K flow in/out down
the membrane (sarcolemma)
of the muscle fiber
(105) Which ion is released from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum? What happens
right after?
• Ion Released = Calcium
• Right After: Calcium binds
with troponin + troponin
unveils actin….
(106) Describe the interaction of
myosin + ATP
• …. Actin was unveiled….
• Myosin spits out ADP + P =
ATP….
• Myosin hinges upright to grab
actin!
(107) What must occur for muscle
fibers to relax?
• ATP back to myosin
• Troponin + tropomyosin cover up actin
• Calcium back to sarcoplasmic
reticulum
• Na + K back in/out of muscle fiber
• Na + K channels close