Transcript АФО кожи, подкожно-жировой клетчатки, ко

Anatomo-physiological features
of skin, subcutaneous fatty layer,
muscular and skeletal system.
associate professor Kantemirova
M.G.
Features of the skin of newborns:
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Insufficient pigment synthesis and the lack of keratohyoline – more pale
skin
Thin epidermis with poor developed corneum (horny) and spinosum layer
Basal membrane is not well developed and can separate easily.
The ph of the newborn’s skin is near neutral.
Derma is not well developed, it’s structure is predominately cellular, fibers
not enough developed. Derma can traumatized easily.
Respiratory function are completely developed in newborns and higher
than in adults
Absorptive function is higher than in adults
Excretory function are not completely developed
Thermoregulation is poor, newborns are prone to over cooling and
overheating
Protective function are poor developed
The skin in newborns is dryer than in adults
Sensitive function are completely developed in newborns
Frequent skin changes in newborns
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Physiological jaundice
Erythema neonatorum
Erythema toxicum
Peeling of skin
Mongolian blue spots
Milia
Mottled skin
Primary lesions
• Macules – flat, nonpalpable areas of color change of skin (café-aulait sports, vitiligo, mongolian spots …)
• Papules – raised skin lesions of less than 0,5 cm in diameter
• Nodules – elevated skin lesions larger than 0,5 cm in diameter
• Plaques – well-circumscribed, broad-based lesions often formed by
coalescence of number of papules (psoriasis)
• Vesicle – elevated skin lesions , fluid containing of <1 cm diameters
(chicken pox)
• Bullae – vesicle larger than 1 cm
• Pustules – vesicles with purulent content or pus (pyoderma)
• Purpura – hemorrhagic rash, cannot be blanched by pressure with a
finger (petechiae, ecchymoses, ecchymotic elevated skin patches)
Secondary lesions
• Scales shedding of excess of normal and abnormal horny layer of
skin
• Crusts
• Excoriations – linear losses of skin due to scrathing
• Ulcers (vascular insufficiency or burn)
• Fissures – linear clefts deep in thickened or inflamed skin
• Lichenification - thickening of skin with exaggeration of skin
markings (allergic, infective) due to chronic rubbing
• Atrophy
• Eczematous skin lesions – inflammatory lesion witn erythema and
vesiculation, than –scaling, crusting, lichenification
• Hyperkeratosis
Skin appendages in newborns
• The presence of lanugo
• Full term newborn’s nails rich the edge of
the distal phalanx
• Sebaceous glands are well developed and
function except ones on the palms and
soles
• Sweat glands developed well except for
the excretory ducts, so not functioning well
FEATURES OF THE SUBCUTANEOUS FATTY LAYER
IN INFANTS
• The fat cells are small and contain the nuclei.
• The amount of subcutaneous fat relatively more
than in adults.
• There are almost no accumulation of fatty tissue
in the cavities.
• The preservation of sites of the embryonic
adipose tissue (extramedullary hematopoiesis).
• The presence of brown fat.
• The predominance of refractory fat
Features of muscular system
• Skeletal muscle in the newborn anatomically shaped and well
developed.
• Muscle mass is much smaller than an adult. By age 15 years
muscle mass is 32-33% (40-44% of adults)
• Muscles in infants thinner and weaker, muscle surface is
smoother, more distinct in 5 - 7 years.
• Fascia in neonates is thin, friable, easily separated from the
muscle. Poor development of the tendon and weak connection
with periosteum of the cranial bones - predispose to the
formation of hematomas in childbirth.
• Skeletal muscle in infants have fewer contractile proteins, the
presence of fetal forms of myosin.
• At the prenatal period- low excitability of skeletal muscle.
• Newborn muscles do not relax, even during sleep ( the
muscles takes part in heat production, metabolic exchanges,
stimulation of muscle tissue)
• The muscles of the trunk are better developed
• The prevalence of flexor muscles tone.
• A large number of nuclei.
• Primary teeth erupt from 6
months.
For an approximate
determination of the number of
teeth in a given age we can use
the following formula:
x = n - 4, where x - the
number of milk (primary) teeth, n
- the child's age in months.
Change of milk teeth to
permanent starts with 5.5-6
years. To determine the
approximate number of the
permanent teeth - use the
formula
x = 4n - 20, where x - the
number of permanent teeth n number of child’s years, ..
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