Transcript ANIMAL WELFARE - Elista Education

ANIMAL WELFARE
ELISTA Education 2011
The Freedom from
Hunger & Thirst
Freedom from Hunger and Thirst
No provision
of Freedom
Doing little
harm, but little
good
•Dehydrated
Optimal
Welfare
•Good quality balanced
diet appropriate to
specie and life stage
•Starved
•Malnourished
•Clean fresh water
available at all times
Poor quality/less
appropriate food
•Mechanism of
provision
Potentially prevent
freedom from pain,
injury and disease
Optimal Welfare
• Suitable supply of balanced diet
• Access to water
• Mechanism of feed and water (pm)
• Suitable to life stage/special dietary
requirements (pm)
A Balanced Diet
Is made up of essential “nutrients” which
allow the body of an animal to function
and be maintained at the level appropriate
to that individuals live stage or activity
level.
Nutrient=“source of nourishment…”
To Nourish=“To provide…necessary for life and growth”
www.the freedictionary.com
A Balanced Diet…
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Protein
Carbohydrates
Fat
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Protein
• Made up of compounds C, H,
O, N and occasionally S
• Different sequences of
compounds make amino acids
e.g Phe= Phenylalanine
Arg= Arginine
There are both ‘essential’ and ‘nonessential’ amino acids. Essential
amino acids must be provided in
the diet as not made in the body,
non-essential amino acids are
made through essential ones.
Essential amino acids are required for
protein synthesis (production of all
cell tissue +DNA)
Protein
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Protein is broken down by pepsin and trypsin (within pancreatic
juice) in small intestine.
The pancreas varies in
size and in proportion to
the rest of the animal
depending on specie and
gives an indication to the
protein requirements.
Protein
Functions
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Protein Synthesis
Growth
Tissue maintenance and repair
Hormones and Enzymes
Components of Immune System
Protein
Deficiency
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Reduced growth of young animals
Weight Loss
Reduced Performance/Ability or Production
Bad condition of coat, hooves, nails/claws
Impaired Immune System
Appetite Depravity (may eat own faeces)
Excess protein can promote fast growth rate and
possibly weight gain. Poor quality Protein can be
converted to energy
Protein
Types
Generally categorised as HIGH biological value
(HBV) or LOW biological value (LBV) protein.
Typically
meat= HBV
cereals, nuts, pulses=LBV
Exceptions e.g Soya.
HBV is easier to digest.
Carbohydrates
• Made up of compounds
C, H, and O
• Monosaccharides (simple
sugars)
e.g Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
• Disaccharides
e.g Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
• Polysaccharides (complex)
e.g Starch and Cellulose
Starch has a lot of ‘alpha’ joined
glucose making it very soluble
Cellulose has a lot of ‘beta’ joined
glucose. Only rumen/caecum micro
organisms can break this down
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates are first broken down by salivary amylase and then
the intestines or similar.
Digestive systems
of animals are
adapted to break
down the
carbohydrates of
their diet.
Carbohydrate
Functions
• Provide Energy
• System working and maintenance; brain,
heart, nervous, digestive and immune
• Fibre, which is also a form of carbohydrate, is
essential for the elimination of waste materials
and toxins from the body and helps to keep the
intestines disease-free and clean.
Carbohydrate
Deficiency
• Lack of Energy
• Potential kidney problems due to the breakdown
of additional acid produced from cells functioning
without glucose
• Use of protein as energy, possible muscle
wastage
Fat
glycerol
• Compounds C, H, O
• Found as triglycerides
• Source of the essential fatty
acids;
Linoleic, Linolenic and Arachidonic
(important in endocrine and immune system)
• Saturated fats are
typically ‘solid’ (in meat
and meat by products)
• Unsaturated fats are
more so ‘oils’ (in nuts,
plant material)
Fat
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Fat is broken down by bile (produced in gall bladder) in the
stomach and lipase (within pancreatic juice) in small intestine.
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Fatty acids broken down from triclycerides in the digestive
system move through the blood and lymph system to reform into
triclycerides and be stored in tissue and specialised cells.
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Fat stores can be utilised if necessary for energy.
Fat
Functions
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Carry electrons (part of atoms)
Component of cell membranes (as lipids)
Store for some vitamins
Energy
Insulation
Normal functioning of body systems (esp. Immune and
Endocrine)
Fat
Deficiency
• Poor coat
• Flaky skin
• Hair Loss
• Impaired Reproductive Efficiency
Vitamins
• Fat soluble or Water Soluble
– Source
– Function
– Deficiency
– Toxicity/Excess
Vitamin A
(Fat Soluble)
• Source: Liver, egg yolk, milk, (precursor, converted in wall of
small intestine-B carotene found in)
green forage leaves.
• Function: Night vision, healthy skin cells, bone
formation, reproduction, immune system
• Deficiency: Reduced feed and growth rate, dry rough
brittle coat, poor night vision, hyperkeratinization of cornea
and skin, respiratory infections, poor reproduction
Excess: Hypervitaminosis A, Bone problems, loss of
hair and skin, other vitamin inbalances
Vitamin D
(Fat Soluble)
• Source: From the sun
• Function: Utilised in kidneys, bones and
intestine to maintain Ca and P levels in plasma
• Deficiency: Same as Calcuim and
Phosphorus; rickets, osteomalacia
• Excess:Excessive Ca and P deposits
Vitamin E (Fat Soluble)
• Source: Green Forage, Grass and oil seeds
• Function: Block free radical attack to cells, a
barrier at cell wall
• Deficiency: Impaired reproduction in some
species (same as Selenium)
• Excess:Toxicity rare
Vitamin K (Fat Soluble)
• Source: K1-Produced by bacteria
K2-Green Leafy Plants
• Function: Involved in blood clotting
• Deficiency: Impaired blood clotting (rare)
• Excess: Blood related problems
Vitamin B’s (Water Soluble)
• Types: Vitamin B complex includes:
Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Folic Acid (B9)
also
B3,5,6,7,12
• Source: Most B vitamins are synthesises in the gut
(B12 from Cobalt), all but B12 are also found in most
unprocessed food
• Function: Involved in metabolism of protein,
carbohydrates, fat and haemoglobin. Vit B12 used to convert the
acid produced by intestinal microbes of ruminants to glucose.
• Deficiency: Many deficiencies conditions in humans,
animals less affected, although deficiency in B12 can affect
ruminants
• Excess: Toxicity is rare
Vitamin C (Water Soluble)
Ascrobic Acid
• Source: Plants and Fruits, synthesised in
body by majority of animals
• Function: Required for enzyme activity, acts
as antioxidant, for production of collagen for skin
• Deficiency: Scurvy
• Excess:Toxicity rare as not stored
Minerals
• Macro-minerals (required in larger quantity)
- Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S, Mg
• Micro-minerals (trace elements required in
tiny quantity)
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Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, Se
Calcium & Phosphorus
• Interconnected in function; Bone,
muscle, nerve production and
function
Sodium & Potassium
• Interrelated; Involved in pH balance
and osmosis (body fluid regulation)
Copper
• Important in many enzyme actions
including production of Melanin, Iron into bloodstream and
Respiration (o2 to CO2)
Selenium
• Works closely with Vitamin E, helps
in production of antioxidants to fight
against free-radicals
Iron
• Component of Haemoglobin
• Excreted when not required
Water
• Compounds of 2 H and 1 O
• Found in food, drink and
through metabolic processes
Lost through Faeces, Urine,
Lungs, Skin, Milk
Water
Functions
• Transport of materials in body
• Solvent
• Heat exchange (evaporation from skin and
lungs)
• Excretion (urine and sweat)
• Hydrolysis (splitting of water for H protons)
How do we know the
feed we are
providing is
‘balanced’?
How do we know the food we eat
is appropriate for us?
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Make ourselves knowledgeable
Pay attention to experts
Trial and error (see what works)
Personal Preference (Palatability)…
We should aim to
do the
same for our
animals!
Making ourselves knowledgeable…
Researching such as…
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Natural feeding Substrates
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Natural feeding methods
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Specie / Breed lifestyle
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Breed predispositions
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Individual animal
Pay attention to the experts…
Nutritional science has made huge advancements in recent
years. Science can guide us on:
• What nutrients animals need
• What quantity those nutrients are required in
• What level of feeding should be provided depending on
performance
• How much of the food provided animals are digesting
• What animals favourite tastes and flavours are….
…and so on!
As with many areas of science though, there are discrepancies
and difference of opinion.
Nutrition and Feed companies invest huge amounts
of time and money in research to try and offer
products to the maximum number of consumers.
Trial and Error (what works!)
Observing…
Behaviour
Faeces
Breath
Skin and Hair
Personal Preference
• Palatability
• Appearance
• Smell
• Texture
Our Own knowledge +
Experts Research+
Observations+
Personal Preference=
FOOD ANALYSIS FOR OUR OWN PET
We can further analyse by comparing.
Comparing Commercial Food
• Ingredients
• Nutritional Analysis
& Dry matter
• Cost
Comparing Food Type
DRY
SEMI MOIST
WET|
Commercial vs Home vs Raw
Commercial
– ‘balanced’, convenient, additives…
Home
- cheaper?….
Raw
- ‘natural’….
Preference Testing
SPECIFIC FEEDING
Obesity
• Low energy density
• Increased volume to increase
satiety (moisture levels in wet, kibble design in
dry)
• Protein levels sufficient to
minimise muscle tissue loss
• Enriched with antioxidants
(Vitamin E and Taurine)
• Low in fat
http://www.hillspet.com/products/pd-canine-wd-canine-low-fat-diabetic-gastrointestinal-canned.html
Diabetes
• Usually caused by damage to the
pancreas and the inability to produce
insulin which regulates sugar levels
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Clinically proven nutrition to
help dogs maintain a healthy weight
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High levels of carnitine to
increase energy metabolism and burn fat while
increasing lean muscle mass
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Moderately high fiber levels
provide a feeling of fullness and may help
reduce begging
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Helps stabilize and minimize
fluctuation of blood glucose levels in diabetic
dogs
Added antioxidants to control cell oxidation and
promote a healthy immune system
http://www.hillspet.com/products/pd-feline-kd-feline-renal-health-dry.html
Kidney Condition
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Kidneys remove waste substances from the blood, and maintain
the normal balance of fluid and minerals within the body.
Once kidney damage occurs, the consequences are usually irreversible.
• Reduced levels of protein to help reduce
kidney workload
•Reduced phosphorus to help maintain
healthy kidney function and minimize
stress on kidneys
•Reduced sodium to help maintain normal
blood pressure
•· Increased levels of omega-3 fatty acids
to support kidney health
•· Increased levels of B-complex vitamins
to compensate urinary losses
•Added antioxidants to control cell oxidation
and promote a healthy immune system
Urinary Tract Conditions
Supreme VetCarePlus Urinary Tract
Health Formula
•High 28% Crude Fibre
•Based on Timothy Hay
•Low Ca. 0.5%
•Added vitamin C – 500mg/kg
•Encourages water consumption
•With Cranberries and Billberries – natural antioxidents
•Echinacea – to help support the immune system & fight infection
•Dandelion – a gentle diuretic – to stimulate routine renal function
•Rich in “long fibre”
•Extended feeding time
•Promotes dental wear
•Enhances environmental enrichment
•A nutritionally complete and balance diet
•Wheat and Gluten free
•Added Linseed for healthy skin and coat
•No artificial colours or flavours
•No added sugars
http://www.hillspet.com/products/sd-canine-adult-healthy-mobility-large-breed-dry.html
Aging
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Dogs can experience mobility issues at different stages of life. Diet can enhance
active mobility and help improve joint flexibility. Enriching with high levels of Omega3 fatty acids; plus Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate from natural sources can
help support bone and joint cartilage and maintain ease of movement in aging and
with mobility difficulty.
Vital fatty acids for optimal levels of Omega-3 fatty acids to enhance overall
mobility.
Omega-3 fatty acids plus Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate from natural sources
for key building blocks of healthy cartilage and joint function.
Vitamin C + E in optimal levels of clinically proven antioxidants for a healthy
immune system.
High quality lean proteins, the building block for lean muscle and helping maintain
ideal body composition.
High quality ingredients to ensures optimal nutrient absorption to keep your dog fit
and healthy
http://www.royalcanin.co.uk/products/products/dog-products/breed-health-nutrition
Specific Breed Requirements
•Targets Digestive
Function
• Ideal Weight
formula
•Support Sensitive
Skin
•Bone & Joint
Support
•Joint Support
•Healthy skin & Coat
•Antioxidants
•Cardiac Function
Support
•Enhances Coat
Colour
•Weight
Maintenance
•Brachycephalic
jaw kibble
• Bright White Coat
Promotion
•Tartar Control
•Healthy Skin
•Fussy Appetite
Laminitis
http://www.arabianhorsesource.com/laminitisarticlediagrams.pdf
•Contains very low levels of cereal starch and sugar making
it ideally suited for horses and ponies prone to laminitis.
•Low in calories making it ideal for good doers, native
ponies and those at rest or in light work.
•Contains a special blend of natural fibres to help keep your
horse or pony eating for longer when compared to cubes and
mixes.
Feeding Adaptations
• Physical
Feeding Adaptations
• Physiological
Feeding Adaptations
• Behavioural
Feeding Adaptations
• Social
Feed Mechanisms