Transcript Prezentation_BAKU_AHS_KL

Workshop on Equine identification and prophylaxis
Legislative background of horse infectious disease
surveillance principles in EU –
with particular reference to African horse sickness
Kristīne Lamberga
Food and Veterinary Service, Latvia
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Baku,13 - 14 December
2010
Content
1. Map
2. Characterization of the disease
3. Differential diagnosis
4. Diagnostics
5. Vaccination
6. EU legislation related to AHS
7. Council Directive 82/894/EEC
8. Council Directive 2009/156/EC
9. Council Directive 92/35/EEC
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1. Map - AHS situation /November, 2010 WAHID OIE/ (1)
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1. Map - AHS situation /November, 2010 WAHID OIE/ (2)
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2. Characterization of the disease (1)
- AHS is an infectious, but noncontiguous viral disease of equidae
- Caused by orbivirus, family retroviridae
- Transmitted by culicoides (at least 2 species – C.imicola, C.bolitinos)
- 9 serotypes
- Seasonal and cyclical incidence
- Mortality related to species affected and to the strain (serotype) of the
virus
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2. Characterization of the disease (2)
Occurrence of infection
- occurred in Africa (all serotypes, E and S)
Serotype 9 and 4 found in W Africa from where occasionally spread into
countries surrounding Mediterranean
- outside Africa: in the Middle East (1959 – 1963), in Spain 1966
(serotype 9), 1987-1990 (serotype 4) and Portugal 1989 (serotype 4)
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2. Characterization of the disease (3)
Susceptibly
- Horses are most susceptible, mortality rate 50-90%
- Mules (~ 50 %)
- Donkeys very resistant in endemic regions (subclinical infection), outside
endemic regions – mortality 10%, zebras also resistant with no clinical signs
(fever)
- Dogs – transmission reported, eating of infected horse meat
- There is no evidence that humans can be infected
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2. Characterization of the disease (4)
Symptoms (1)
- There are 4 classical clinical forms:
Pulmonary (peracute)
Cardiac (subacute)
Mixed (acute)
Horse sickness fever - mildest form
- Clinical form depends on virus strain and species of equidae
- Generally: horses and ponies - fever, coughing, respiratory distress,
nasal discharge, swelling of the head, colic, sudden death
donkeys and zebras and previously exposed horses and
ponies - fever, loss of appetite, oedema (around the eyes). Zebras often
show no clinical signs.
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2. Characterization of the disease (5)
Symptoms (2)
- Pulmonary form – incubation period 3 - 5 days, severe dispnoea, progressive
respiratory distress (may  to 60 - 70 breaths/min), febrile reaction 40 - 41 0C (may be
the only sign). Death usually occur few hours after first clinical signs
- Cardiac form (oedemus) - incubation period 7 -14 days, febrile reaction for 3-6 days.
Oedematus swelling of head (include supraorbital fossae, eyelids, extend to lips,
tongue intermandibular space etc). Mortality 50 % 4 - 5 days after onset of febrile
reaction
- Acute or mixed – often the most common form, cardiac and pulmonary symptoms,
mortality around 70 % within 3 - 4 days after onset of febrile reaction
- Horse sickness fever – incubation period 5 -14 days, followed by remittent febrile
reaction (39 - 400C) for 5 - 8 days. No mortality. Observed in partially immune animals
or in resistant species (donkey, zebra)
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3. Differential diagnosis
- Equine encephalosis
- EIA
- Equine morbillivirus pneumonia
- Equine viral arteritis
- Babesiosis
- Purpura haemorrhagica
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4. Diagnostics
- Laboratory diagnosis of AHS is essential (although the clinical signs are
characteristic (for ex.supraorbital swelling)
- Diagnosis can be based on ID of virus, virus nucleic acid, viral antigens or
specific antibodies
- It is important to perform virus isolation and serotyping (outside endemic
regions)
- Virus can be isolated from blood collected during the early febrile stage.
Tissues for virus isolation are spleen, lung, lymph nodes
- Survived horses develop antibodies against the infecting serotype within 8 12 days post infection. Serological methods (CFT and ELISA (prescribed OIE
tests), immunoblotting, VN (for serotyping)) are used to detect antibodies
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5. Vaccination
Attenuated (monovalent and polyvalent) live vaccines for use in horses,
mules and donkeys are commercially produced
There is no vaccine for any serotype available in EU. Vaccines
available in Africa are not suitable for use in EU
A vaccine bank is developed by EC and vaccine can be used in
emergency situation under strictly controlled conditions
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6. EU legislation related to AHS
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Council Directive 82/894/EEC on the notification of animal diseases within the
Community
-
Council Directive 2009/156/EC on animal health conditions governing the
movement and importation from third countries of equidae
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Council Directive 92/35/EEC laying down control rules and measures to combat
AHS
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Council Decision 2009/470/EC on expenditure in the veterinary field
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Council Directive 92/65/EEC laying down animal health requirements governing
trade in and imports into the EU of animals, semen, ova and embryos not subject
to animal health requirements laid down in specific Community rules referred to in
Annex A (I) to Directive 90/425/EEC
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Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 laying down health rules concerning animal byproducts not intended for human consumption
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7. Council Directive 82/894/EEC (1)
on the notification of animal diseases within the Community
- Appearance of certain contagious animal diseases should be registered and notified
within the EU. Directive 82/894/EEC lays down the criteria for the notification of diseases
- Rapid and accurate information is essential for the application of protection measures.
Prompt notification and information on the occurrence of these diseases is vital for
controlling these diseases as well as for the movement of and trade in live animals and
animal products
7. Council Directive 82/894/EEC (2)
on the notification of animal diseases within the Community
- Information should be notified by affected MS to the Commission and to the
other MS within 24 hours
- Diseases to be notified and method of notification are specially laid down:
Outbreaks (primary, secondary) of any of diseases listed in Annex I
(includes AHS)
Lifting of restrictions (after eradication of the last outbreak)
In accordance with EU legislation AHS is defined as compulsory notifiable
disease (Annex I)
(Member countries of the OIE are obliged to notify the confirmed first occurrence or
reoccurrence of a listed disease. AHS is also included in the OIE list of diseases)
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8. Council Directive 2009/156/EC (1)
on animal health conditions governing the movement and
importation from third countries of equidae
Defines rules for the movement of equidae between MS
Sets common standard form for health attestation for registered equidae and form of
health certificate for movement of equidae for breeding, production and slaughter
Defines rules for importation of equidae in EU from third countries (only from
countries included in the list of countries and territories from which equidae may be
imported (Council Decision 79/542/EEC))
MS or third country free from AHS – where has been no clinical, serological if
unvacc.) or epidemiological evidence of AHS in the previous 2 years and no
vaccination during previous 12 months
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8. Council Directive 2009/156/EC (2)
Article 5
2. A part of the territory of a MS shall be considered to be infected with AHS if:
(a) clinical, serological (in unvaccinated animals) and/or epidemiological
evidence has revealed the presence of AHS in the past two years; or
(b) vaccination against AHS has been carried out in the past 12 months
The part of the territory considered to be infected with AHS shall comprise as a
minimum:
(a) a protection zone with a radius of at least 100 km around any centre of
infection;
(b) a surveillance zone of at least 50 km extending beyond the protection
zone, in which no vaccination has been carried out in the last 12 months.
4. All vaccinated equidae found in the protection zone must be registered and
marked in accordance with Article6(1)(d) of Directive 92/35/EEC. The
identification document and/or health certificate shall carry a clear reference to
such vaccination.
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8. Council Directive 2009/156/EC (3)
Article 5
5. A MS may dispatch from the territory referred to in the second subparagraph of
paragraph 2 only equidae which meet the following requirements:
(a) they must be dispatched only during certain periods of the year, having
regard to the activity of vector insects
(b) they must show no clinical signs of AHS
(c) they must be tested for AHS with an interval of between 21 and 30 days
between the 2 tests, the second of which must have been carried out during 10 days
prior to dispatch either:
(i) with negative results, if not vaccinated or
(ii) if vaccinated - without having recorded an increase in the
antibody count and without having undergone vaccination during the
previous 2 months
(d) kept in a quarantine station min.40 days prior to dispatch
(e) they must have been protected from vector insects
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8. Council Directive 2009/156/EC (4)
Chapter III Defines rules for importation of equidae from third countries
Regarding AHS:
Article 13
1. The equidae must come from third countries which:
(a) are free from African horse sickness
2. In accordance with the procedure... it may be decided:
(a) that the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall apply to only
part of the territory of a third country
In the event that the AHS requirements apply on a regional basis, at the very
least the measures laid down in Article 5(2) and (5) must be complied with
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9. Council Directive 92/35/EEC (1)
laying down control rules and measures to combat AHS
At present AHS is exotic to the EU. With the enlargement of the EU and
different environmental effects on vectors transmitting some diseases
the situation in the EU may change
- The control rules and the measures to combat AHS
(control measures must be taken as soon as the presence of the disease
is suspected and confirmed, include measures to prevent spread of AHS, the
movement of animals strictly controlled, insects eradicated from infected
holdings; specified rules for vaccination against AHS)
- functions and duties for Community reference laboratory for AHS
(Annex III)
- functions and duties of the national laboratories for AHS (Annex I)
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9. Council Directive 92/35/EEC (2)
CRITERIA FOR CONTINGENCY PLANS
1. Crisis centre on a national level, which shall coordinate all control measures in the MS
2. Local disease control centre (LDCC) with adequate facilities to coordinate measures at
a local level
3. Detailed info about staff involved in measures, skills and responsibilities
4. Contact details (each LDCC must be able to contact rapidly persons/organizations
5. Equipment and materials necessary to carry out the measures
6. Detailed instructions (on action to be taken on suspicion, confirmation of infection)
7. Training programs
8. Description on diagnostic laboratories, their capacity
9. Scenario for AHS vaccination (quantity of vaccine, staff)
10. Legal powers necessary for implementation of CP
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9. Council Directive 92/35/EEC (3)
Suspicion
- Where one or more equidae are suspected of being infected with AHS,
MS shall ensure official investigation to confirm or rule out the disease
and:
- put holding under official surveillance
- initiate census of the species of equidae (born, dead, infected)
- initiate census of places of vector and the use of appropriate means of eradicating insects in
such places
- perform epizootiological inquiry
- visit regularly the holding, when examine each equidae, carry out detailed clinical
examination or autopsy and take samples
- ensure all equidae are kept in their living quarters or in places protected against vector
- prohibit all movement of equidae to or from the holding
- eradicate insects in and around the buildings housing the equidae
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9. Council Directive 92/35/EEC (4)
Confirmation
- Where the presence of AHS is officially confirmed:
- kill any equidae on the infected holding which is infected or present
clinical symptoms (+ appropriate disposal of carcasses)
- extend the measures applied in case of suspicion to holdings situated
within a 20 km radius (included in the protection zone) around the infected
holding
- shall proceed, in the protection zone vaccination (vaccine authorized by
CA), identify them (on the basis of the epizootiological, meteorological, geographical or
climatological circumstances, CA may waive from vaccination (informing EC))
- carry out an epizootiological enquiry
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9. Council Directive 92/35/EEC (5)
- In addition CA establishes a protection zone and
surveillance zone:
Protection zone - consist of a part of Community territory with a radius
of at least 100 km around the entire infected holding
Surveillance zone - consist of a part of Community territory extending
at least 50 km beyond the protection zone, in which no vaccination has
been carried out in the last 12 months
Where zones are situated on the territory of several MS, the CA collaborate in
order to define the zones
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9. Council Directive 92/35/EEC (6)
Measures in protection zone
– all holdings containing equidae are identified
– periodic visits to all equidae holdings and clinical examination of
equidae, if necessary, the collection of samples; a record of visits
and findings must be kept
– equidae leave the holding only for emergency slaughter to a
slaughterhouse located in that zone or, if there is no
slaughterhouse, to a slaughterhouse in the surveillance zone
designated by the CA
– In addition a decision to carry out systematic vaccination of equidae
and to identify them in the protection zone may be taken (special
EU procedure)
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9. Council Directive 92/35/EEC (7)
Measures in surveillance zone
Measures provided in protection zone apply in the surveillance zone
If the surveillance zone has no slaughterhouse, the equidae may be
slaughtered in the protection zone
Vaccination is prohibited
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9. Council Directive 92/35/EEC (8)
Lifting of restrictions
- Restriction period determined by special EU procedure, but
- Not less than 12 months if vaccination applied
According to Council Directive 2009/156/EC MS or third country free from AHS – where has been no clinical,
serological if unvacc.) or epidemiological evidence of AHS in the
previous 2 years and no vaccination during previous 12 months
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Thank you for attention!
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