Transcript How vaccines work.

How vaccines work.
Prevention of diseases
Your Immune System (lymphatic
system)
• It is always better to
prevent a disease than to
treat it after it occurs.
• Immunity is the body’s
way of
preventing/fighting
disease.
• The immune system
recognizes molecules
from germs to proteins
that enter the body as
"foreign invaders”
(called antigens).
• Produces proteins
called antibodies to help
fight them.
How your Immune system works,
• The first time a child is infected with a specific antigen
(say measles virus), the immune system produces
proteins called antibodies designed to identify it.
• This takes time . . . usually the immune system can’t
work fast enough to prevent the antigen from causing
disease (lysis), so the child still gets sick.
• However, the immune system “remembers” that
antigen by producing memory cells. If it ever enters the
body again, even after many years, the immune system
can produce antibodies fast enough to keep it from
causing disease a second time (lysis). This protection is
called immunity.
• Vaccines artificially program this system w/o exposure
to the natural version of viruses / bacteria
Types of vaccine
1) Live-attenuated vaccines: Active, but very weak
• Vaccines made when the virus is weakened to such a level
that they reproduce only about 20 times in the body. By
comparison, natural viruses reproduce thousands of times.
• "Live-attenuated vaccines can cause very mild illness in a
small proportion of people," says John Bradley, M.D.,
member of the committee on infectious diseases of the
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). "However, these
side effects are usually very mild and limited to a low-grade
fever or runny nose." Dr. Bradley also notes that about 5 to
10 percent of children who receive the varicella
(chickenpox) vaccine develop a few pox spots, but it's
nothing compared to the full-blown illness.
Types of Live-attenuated vaccines
Example/recommended:
• Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined
vaccine)
• Varicella (chickenpox)
• Influenza (nasal spray)
• Rotavirus (Stomach Flu)
• Others: Zoster (shingles), Yellow fever
2) Inactivated vaccines:
• The bacteria/virus is completely killed using a
chemical
• Inactive / dead pathogens used
• The strength of these vaccines tend to wear off
over time, resulting in less long-lasting immunity.
So, multiple doses of inactivated vaccines are
usually necessary to provide the best protection.
• Examples: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, poliovirus,
haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib),
meningococcal, pneumococcal and the injected
form of influenza.
3) Subunit Vaccines
• Only the antigens/part of the capsid that best stimulate the immune
system.
• Subunit vaccines can contain anywhere from 1 to 20 or more
antigens/capsids.
• They can grow the microbe in the laboratory and then use chemicals to
break it apart and gather the important antigens/capsids.
• A recombinant subunit vaccine has been made for the hepatitis B virus.
Scientists inserted hepatitis B genes that code for important antigens into
common baker’s yeast. The yeast then produced the antigens, which the
scientists collected and purified for use in the vaccine. Research is
continuing on a recombinant subunit vaccine against hepatitis C virus.
Examples
• Hepatitis B
• Influenza (injection)
• Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)
• Pertussis (DTaP combined immunization)
• HPV
4) Toxoid Vaccines
• For bacteria that secrete toxins, or harmful chemicals as main
cause of illness.
• Inactivate toxins by treating them with formalin, a solution of
formaldehyde and sterilized water. Such “detoxified” toxins, called
toxoids.
• Immune system receives a vaccine containing a harmless toxoid, it
learns how to fight off the natural toxin. The immune system
produces antibodies that lock onto and block the toxin.
• Example: Diphtheria, tetanus (part of DTaP combined
immunization)
TED Talk on vaccines