Transcript Steps Of An Outbreak Investigation

INVESTIGATING AND
CONTROLLING DISEASE
OUTBREAKS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
STEPS OF AN OUTBREAK
INVESTIGATION
• In investigating an outbreak, speed is essential, but
getting the right answer is essential, too.
• To satisfy both requirements, epidemiologists
approach investigations systematically, using 10
steps
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm
STEPS 1-5
• 1. Prepare for field work
• 2. Establish the existence of an outbreak
• 3. Verify the diagnosis
• 4. Define and identify cases
• 5. Describe and orient the data in terms of time,
place, and person
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm
STEPS 6-10
• 6. Develop hypotheses
• 7. Evaluate hypotheses
• 8. Refine hypotheses and carry out additional
studies
• 9. Implement control and prevention measures
• 10. Communicate findings
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INVESTIGATING AN OUTBREAK
• In practice, several of these 10 steps may be done
at the same time, or they may be done in a
different order.
• For example, control measures should be implemented as
soon as the source and mode of transmission are known
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm
1. PREPARING FOR FIELD WORK
• Researching the disease and acquiring the supplies
and equipment needed is fundamental
• Consult with everyone involved to determine your
role in the investigation and who your local
contacts will be once you arrive on the scene
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2. ESTABLISH THE EXISTENCE OF AN
OUTBREAK
• One of the first assignments should be to investigate
if the suspected outbreak is a true outbreak
• Before you can decide whether an outbreak exists (i.e.,
whether the observed number of cases exceeds the
expected number), you must first determine the expected
number of cases for the area in the given time frame.
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3. VERIFY THE DIAGNOSIS
• In addition to verifying the existence of an outbreak
early in the investigation, you must also identify as
accurately as possible the specific nature of the
disease.
• First, you must ensure that the problem has been properly
diagnosed—that it really is what it has been reported to be.
• Second, for outbreaks involving infectious or toxic-chemical
agents, you must to be certain that the increase in
diagnosed cases is not the result of a mistake in the
laboratory.
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4. DEFINE AND IDENTIFY CASES
• Establish a case definition or a standard set of
criteria for deciding whether, in this investigation, a
person should be classified as having the disease or
health condition under study.
• To be classified as confirmed, a case usually must have
laboratory verification.
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5. DESCRIBE AND ORIENT THE DATA IN
TERMS OF TIME, PLACE, AND PERSON
• Once you have collected some data, you can
begin to characterize an outbreak by time, place,
and person.
• This step my be performed during several times
during the course of an outbreak.
• Characterizing an outbreak by these variables is
called descriptive epidemiology, because you
describe what has occurred in the population
under study.
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6. DEVELOP A HYPOTHESIS
• After you have interviewed some affected people,
spoken with other health officials in the community,
and characterized the outbreak by time, place,
and person, you will have a stronger hypotheses
with more focus to it.
• The hypotheses should address the source of the agent, the
mode (vehicle or vector) of transmission, and the exposures
that caused the disease.
• The hypotheses should be proposed in a way that can be
tested.
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm
7. EVALUATE THE HYPOTHESIS
• You must evaluate the credibility of your hypothesis
• You can compare your hypothesis with established
facts or you can evaluate it through analytic
epidemiology, which allows you to test your
hypothesis
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8. REFINE HYPOTHESIS AND CARRY
OUT ADDITIONAL STUDIES
• When analytic epidemiological studies do not
confirm your hypotheses, you need to reconsider
your hypotheses and look for new vehicles or
modes of transmission.
• This is the time to meet with case-patients to look for
common links and to visit their homes to look at the
products on their shelves.
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm
9. IMPLEMENTING CONTROL AND
PREVENTION METHODS
• Control and prevention methods should be carried
out as soon as possible.
• Control measures, which can be implemented early
if you know the source of an outbreak, should be
aimed at specific links in the chain of infection, the
agent, the source, or the reservoir.
• In other situations, you might direct control
measures at interrupting transmission or exposure.
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm
10. COMMUNICATE FINDINGS
• Can be done by: 1) an oral briefing for local health
authorities and 2) a written report.
• Your oral briefing should be attended by the local
health authorities and people responsible for
implementing control and prevention measures.
• You should also provide a written report that follows
the usual scientific format of introduction,
background, methods, results, discussion, and
recommendations.
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm