Transcript Major challenges slides File

Challenges of Medical and
Biological Engineering
6137-Algorithms in Network Theory
2013
Based on
Medical and Biological Engineering in the Next 20
Years: The Promise and the Challenge
by College of Fellows, American Institute for
Medical and Biological Engineering
in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering,
vol. 60, No. 7, July 2013, pp.1767-1775
Available on Moodle
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College of Fellows of the AIMBE
• Top 2%, peer-elected
• Act as an objective voice of the field
• Report prepared by the 2010-2011 Chair, Robert
A. Linsenmeier
• Collaborative multiyear effort
• Outlines areas of feature major engineering
contributions
• See www.aimbe.org/aimbe-programs/aimbe-hallof-fame
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Major Challenges
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Major Challenges - Highlights
• Highest ranking (45% or more)
– Engineering food safety
– Engineering solutions to chronic diseases
– Engineering global health
• Why “challenges” ? – extend beyond 20 years
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Engineering a Safe and Sustainable
Water and Food Supply
• Improve food safety through engineering
innovations:
– Fast, reliable, inexpensive, and accurate bacteria
detection
– Safe transport methods
– Biologically-based sensor and anticontamination
processes
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Engineering a Safe and Sustainable
Water and Food Supply
• Implement improved policies for the
management of water, soil, and air,
recognizing their importance for human
health:
– Scarce high quality water and soil
– Increased air and water pollution
– Need for regulatory limits and management
objectives
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Engineering a Safe and Sustainable
Water and Food Supply
• Engineer sustainable food production systems
for the growing world population:
– UN prediction of 9.3 billion people in 2050
– Danger of short-term yields increase (man-made
fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and large inputs
of energy and water
– Need to double current yields without further
taxing water, land, or energy resources
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Engineering a Safe and Sustainable
Water and Food Supply
• Improve the engineering of measurement and
control systems for plant, animal, and human
quality of life:
– Engineering advances in sensors, instrumentation,
computing power, and analytic tools
– Develop systems for reporting, management, and
control of human, animal, and plant wellness
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Engineering a Safe and Sustainable
Water and Food Supply
• Implement policies that improve the ability to
understand, regulate, and minimize
consequences of human impacts on ecological
systems:
– Species extinction
– Understand and predict ecological system events
– Use global models to guide future public policies
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Engineering a Safe and Sustainable
Water and Food Supply
• Discover concepts, based on analogies among
different levels of biological systems, to guide
applications of biology:
– Understand connections among various levels of
living things
– Generalize information between different levels
– Discover basic principles - engineering approach
to useful new utilization of biology
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Engineering a Safe and Sustainable
Water and Food Supply
• Improve the framework for research,
monitoring, and regulation of genetically
modified organisms (GMOs):
– GMOs can make agricultural products more
resistant to drought, disease, and pests, and can
increase the yields
– Biological, legal, and ethical consequences
– Roundup-Ready crop, GM Atlantic salmon,
synthetic microbes for biofuel production
– Need for further monitoring and analysis
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Create new medical diagnosis capabilities by
utilizing a universal medical image database:
– Collected and sorted by a disease and and/or
pathology
– Allow novel development of automated machinevision-based diagnosis algorithms
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Improve health care by developing and
implementing an electronic health records
system that insure privacy and security:
– Better transfer, fewer errors, better health
monitoring
– Tracking efficacy of treatments
– Understand health trends and disease patterns
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Improve medical care by developing expanded
capabilities in telemedicine:
– Patient monitoring and diagnosis
– Health care consultation
– Patient education
– Health care professional continuing education
– Help to contain the cost of health care
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Utilize genomic discoveries for diseases
prevention and treatment:
– High throughput technologies
– Appropriate medication
– Similar symptoms but different underlying
molecular bases
– Therapeutics for rare or currently untreatable
diseases
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Improve early diagnosis and treatment of
disease through improved methods for
noninvasive medical imaging:
– Earlier detection
– Improved diagnostic precision
– Reduced cost in cancer and cardiovascular, neural,
and gastrointestinal disease
– Ultimately, saving lives and cost
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Develop technologies for diagnosing and
assessing mental disorders:
– More effective treatments
– More appropriate social responses
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Develop technologies to restore motor
function to individuals with spinal cord injury:
– Restore critical functions (control of limbs,
bladder, bowel)
– Combination of engineering, regenerative
medicine, and new biomaterials
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Prevent traumatic brain injury (TBI) in at risk
populations and reduce the development of
secondary conditions and other adverse
outcomes:
– Car accidents, falls, violence
– Can lead to sudden changes in personality and/or
functionality of any body system
– Needs further translation of science into practice
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Develop new therapies for the growing
number of diabetics, including improved
delivery of insulin:
– Develop and implement a permanently
implantable pancreas (insulin pump and glucose
sensor), featuring
• Ten-year sensor life
• Wearable pump requiring no more than a monthly
insulin refill
• Control strategies to prevent low blood glucose
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Engineering Personalized Health Care
• Bridge the domain of public health informatics
and personal health records:
– Allow correlation of health with environmental
factors and toxins
– Allow prevention and prediction of diseases based
on genetic composition
– Allow tracking, understanding, and improved
treatment of epidemics and food and water-borne
illnesses
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Engineering Solutions to Injury and
Chronic Diseases
• Transition from “replacement medicine” to
“regenerative medicine” by solving
technological, social, regulatory and economic
issues:
– Ability to cure rather than treat disease
– Requires tools, standards, approaches, and
policies for assessment of safety, efficacy, quality
– Requires solving technical, logistic, and
economical challenges
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Engineering Solutions to Injury and
Chronic Diseases
• Establish testing protocols that accurately
predict human tissue and blood responses to
materials and drugs:
– Shorten time to clinical practice
– Develop experimental systems simpler than the
whole body
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Engineering Solutions to Injury and
Chronic Diseases
• Develop standardized experimental
procedures in tissue engineering to accelerate
technology development:
– Need for standards to compare and share data.
Will
• Enhance understanding of involved processes
• Reduce the variability of research results
• Accelerate translation of research to the clinic
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Engineering Solutions to Injury and
Chronic Diseases
• Create robust stimuli responsive “smart
biomaterials” and smart devices for in vitro
and in vivo applications:
– Materials whose proprieties change depending on
the local environment (pH, temperature, etc.)
– Electromechanical biomedical devices with
embedded sensors and microelectronics
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Engineering Solutions to Injury and
Chronic Diseases
• Shift the concept of biomaterials
biocompatibility from those that produce a
scar to those that contribute to regeneration:
– Relatively inert today, may be rejected by the
body
– Advanced biomaterials may promote healing and
integrate with the body
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Engineering Solutions to Injury and
Chronic Diseases
• Harness the principles of development biology
to control collective cell movement and
differentiation:
– Specifically direct proprieties of adult or stem cells
– Transform one type of cell to another (allowing
self donors)
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Engineering Solutions to Injury and
Chronic Diseases
• Improve the treatment of neurodegenerative
disorders for the aging population:
– Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc.
– Further development of neural engineering and
targeted gene delivery approaches
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Engineering Solutions to Injury and
Chronic Diseases
• Develop the ability to regenerate a human
limb:
– Ability of certain animals
– Other complex organs, like the kidney or hearth
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Engineering Solutions to Injury and
Chronic Diseases
• Improve the treatment of cardiac rhythm
disorders by creating noninvasive pacemakers:
– Adding more individuals
– External, wearable, noninvasive
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Engineering Global Health by Preventing
and Treating Infectious Diseases
• Improve diagnostics and therapeutics for
infectious diseases in resource-poor
environments:
– With minimal power, refrigerators, laboratory
facilities
– Care workers with modest level of training
– Vaccines that do not require refrigeration
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Engineering Global Health by Preventing
and Treating Infectious Diseases
• Develop and implement low-cost
desalinization and water purification methods:
– More utilization of sea-water
– Low-impact technologies
– Better recycling of used water
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Engineering Sustainable Bioenergy
Production
• Advance production, processing, and yields of
energy from aquatic, terrestrial, and artificial
environments toward theoretical limits
• Do this without compromising food
production
• Scavange bioenergy in a biomedical context
(knee implants, heart activity, thermal
differences, evaporation driven flow, voltage
from trees, etc.)
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Engineering the 21st Century US
Economy
• Big past and predicted future grow in medical and
biologically based industries
• Continued success based on
– Improving skills of the engineering workforce
– High levels of government research funding
– Tax incentives
• Regulatory environment contribution
– Development of alternatives to clinical trials
– More and better postmarket surveillance
– Better and earlier collaboration between industry,
FDA, and other parties
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Other Perspectives on Challenges for
Medical and Biological Engineering
• Other bodies proposed similar challenges:
– National Academy of Engineering (NAE)
– National Institute of Health (NIH) National
Institute of Biomedical Imaging and
Bioengineering (NIBIB)
– Society for Biomaterials
– International Federation for medical and Biological
Engineering
– Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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Mapping AIMBE and NAE Challenges
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