Transcript problem_of_poultry_farms

PROBLEMS
AFFECTING
POULTRY
FARMS
Classification according
I. Aim of production
Broilers
Breeders
Layers
BROILERS
1. Mortalities (SGP, E. coli,
Aspergillosis & omphalitis, ND, AI)
(They affecting birds from 1-3 wks of
age).
2. Respiratory problem (CCRD, IB).
3. Enteric problem (Coccidiosis).
4. Immuno-suppression (CIA, IBD &
IBH).
layers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Egg production (quantity & quality).
Cage layer paralysis (fatigue).
Internal parasites (Ascaridia & Cestodes).
Immunosuppression.
Mortalities (ND, FC).
Enteritis.
External parasites.
Tumers.
Breeders
1. Decrease egg production.
2. Fertility, hatchability & embryonic mortality.
3. Vertical diseases (SGP , E. coli, MG, AE,
Adeno & ALC).
4. Arthritis.
5. Immuno-suppression.
6. Mortalities.
7. Enteritis (Colistridial infection)
8. Parasitism.
9. Tumers
II. The cause
Infectious
•Bacterial
•Viral
•Mycotic
•Parasitic
Non-infectious
Managemental
•Temperature
•Humidity
•Ammonia
•Ventilation
•Water
•Light
Nutritional
•Deficiency
•Imbalance
•Excess
•Toxicity
(mycotoxins
& drugs)
1.Temperature (25°C).
Infectious
ND, IB & EDS
2.Humidity (80 ± 5%)
3.Light (16-17 hr)
4.Water
5. Nutrition
a. Quantity b. Quality
6. Medication
7. Floor density.
Bacterial
Salmonellosis
Mycoplasmosis
IC
Colibacillosis
Pasteurellosis
Parasitic
Red mite
Internal parasite
Coccidiosis
Viral
AE
MD
ILT
CELO
TRT & SHS
birds
at the
peak
►Thin or shell-less eggs (ND, IB, mycotoxins,
Ca, p &/or vit. D def. or imbalance).
►Uneven calcification (EDS and ↑Ca).
►Very small size (ND, IB, EDS and
↓↓ protein).
 Watery albumin (IB).
 Blood or meat spots (mycotoxins).
 Fish odour (fish meal).
Prevention and control
♣
♣
♣
Correction of management and environment.
Mycotoxins: (prevention & control).
Infectious causes:
Viral :
Usage of preventive vaccination programs (inactivated
3-4 wks before egg production as ND, IB, EDS &
SHS).
Bacterial:



Antibiotics treatment acc. to sensitivity test.
Use of competitive exclusives.
Bacterins: e.g. FC & IC.
Fertility, Hatchability and
Embryonic mortality
Accepted hatchability in
LIGHT breeds is 90-92%
while in HEAVY breads is
88%.
Stages of Embryo development
and related mortalities
stage
MR%
Early
Middle
Late
0-4 day old
5-17 day old
18-21 day old
Membrane
(0-48hr)
Blood
ring
(2-4Ds)
2-3% (high)
Black eye
(5-10Ds)
Feather Development of all
body organs.
(11-17DS)
0.8-1%
3-4% (high)
Low hatchability
Embryonic mortalities
Infertility
Examine 1000 eggs (4 trays) from different hatchery sites
not hatched
Eggs hatched
Cracked
Intact
1-2%
Pipped
2%
in hatchery
seeting or
tansfere
Clear 7-8%
not 2%
Good quality
Count& sold
Culled
& count
Embryonic deaths
I- Early embryonic deaths (weak germ):
 Old males.
 Nutritional def. (vit. A, E and water soluble
vitamins).
 Bad egg handling.
 Egg contamination.
 Improper prolonged condition in the setter
(temp. & RH).
 Insufficient males.
II- Late embryonic deaths
1. False egg position in setter (pointed
end upward)→ mal-position of embryo→
head not directed to the air cell→
asphyxia.
2. Nutritional def. (vit. B complex) →
mal-position.
3. ↑ temp &↓ RH →different head position
→no air to the embryo.
4. Infection of the eggs from breeders or
setter.
How to deal with this
problem?
I- Flock problem (egg contamination or




chronic nutritional def.) is difficult to be
solved, but:
Exclude cull males.
Replace old males with youngs.
Treat leg problems.
Correct the ration.
II- Machine problem (improper SETTING
1)
2)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
condition and contamination).
Formalin fumigation {24 hr before egg
setting, then good aeration}.
Good egg handling:
Rapid and daily collection of eggs [3 times
/day].
Cleaning of slightly soiled eggs.
Discard cracked and heavily soiled eggs.
Nests should be under light.
Sufficient bedding of the nest.
Respiratory Disease
Complex
Economic importance:
►
►
►
►
High mortalities. eg. ND, FC & AI.
Medication costs.
Drastic drop in egg production. eg. ND
change in egg ext. and int. egg quality
eg. ND & IB.
► Reduction in hatchability and fertility. eg.
Mycoplasmosis.
► Inferior carcass quality eg. CCRD.
Predisposing factors:
A. Bad ventilation
(ammonia & dust).
B. Immuno-sppression.
C. Living vaccines ( e.g
spray)
I. Clinico-pathological
Upper
• Sneezing, rhinitis,
conjunctivitis &
sinusitis
e.g IC
Lower
• Coughing & rales
e.g MG & ILT
E.Coli
MG
IC
ORT
Chlamydiosis
Salmonellosis
ND
IB
ILT
TRT&SHS
QB
AI
REO
POX
Aspergillosis
Syngamiasis
Vit. A def.
General signs:
 Sneezing, nasal discharge,
gasping, coughing, rals, swelling
of sinuses, conjunctivitis and
facial odema.
 loss of body weight, mortalities
and decrease in egg production.
General post mortem lesions:
♦
Laryngitis, sinusitis, tracheitis
(catarrhal to haemorrhagic).
♦ Lung congestion and pneumonia.
♦ Airsacculitis (catarrhal to fibrinous).
Specific program for
prevention of this complex.
Application of preventive vaccinal program.
Genetic selection of resistant breeds.
Application of viable serological tests for detection of
chronic carriers to prevent transmission of egg borne
diseases (Salmonella rapid whole blood agglutination test,
mycoplasma serum plate agglutination test ).
Application of preventive vaccines. e.g. FC & IC
Routine antibacterial and antimycoplasmal drugs.
Egg treatment in mycoplasma infected eggs.
Good preservation of feed stuff to avoid fungal growth.
Adjust humidity and temp. to keep litter dry.
Good balanced ration.
In addition to:
☼
☼
☼
☼
Avoid stress factors (ammonia, dust and ventilation).
All in – all out.
Avoid mechanical transmission.
Thorough cleaning & disinfection
Economic importance:
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
High mortality. e.g coccidiosis.
Poor feed conversion & loss of weight. eg
Enteroviruses infections.
Down grading and rejected carcasses. eg Enteroviruses
infections.
Severe drop in egg production. eg ND.
Lowering fertility and hatchability e.g salmonellosis
Immuno-suppression →↑susceptibility to other
infections
Medication cost.
Stress factors predispose for
enteric diseases
 Malnutrition e.g. unbalanced ration or
vitamin deficiency specially vit. A.
 Parasitism.
 Sudden change in the ration.
 Vaccination with living vaccines.
 Transportation.
 Chilling, air drafts or over heating.
Classification acc. to the etiology
Viral
ND, AI and enteric viral infections (Reo, Adeno,
Calici and Corona viruses).
Bacterial
Clostridial infections, salmonellosis, colibacillosis,
pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, chlamydiosis and
campylobacteriosis.
Parasitic
All internal parasites (helminthes and protozoa).
Non infectious
Vit A def.& mycotoxicosis.
Clinico- pathological
picture:
* Diarrhea
watery or mucoid,
greenish, sulfer coloured, white or
reddish coloured.
Cattarrhal, heamorrhagic or even
ulcerative enteritis.
Preventive measures
1.
2.
3.





Strict sanitary measures.
Strong cleaning and disinfection.
Strengthen the host position through:
Selection of resistant breeds.
Improved nutrition.
Vaccination.
Prophylactic therapy.
Competitive exclusion & probiotic (in case of E. coli
and salmonellosis), these compounds inhibit the
growth of enteric organisms through competition on
the attachment receptor sites or production of acids.
4. Feed decontamination (physically or chemically).
In case of out break
1. Separate diseased from healthy birds.
2. All feed & water troughs should be
thoroughly cleaned & disinfected.
3. Hygienic disposal of dead birds,
droppings and litters of infected houses.
4. Prevent traffic of birds in & out the farm.
5. Antibiotic or anti-parasitic treatments.
Economic importance:
1. Inability to stand → can not reach to
food & water sites → loss of weight
& drop in egg production.
2. High mortalities.
3. ↓ in fertility and hatchability in
breeders.
CAUSES
I- Diseases affecting the joints
1. Bacterial
Salmonellosis
Paratyphoid
Chronic FC
Chronic E. coli
MS
Staph and strept
Spiroketosis
TB
2. Nutritional
Ca, ph &/ or vit D def.
or imbalance
B complex
Mineral def (Mn, Zn, ..etc)
Articular gout
Vit. A def.
4. Mycotoxins
Aflatoxins
Ochratoxins
T2 toxins
Fuserium
3. Viral
Reo
ALC (osteopetrosis)
II- Diseases affecting. Nervous System
CNS
Peripheral nerves
Bacterial
Viral
Nutritional
Bacterial
Viral
Nutritional
Paratyphoid
ND
AI
AE
Vit E def
Botulism
MD
REV
Vit B1 def
Vit B2 def
Vit E
ND, AI, Chro FC
I. Joints
1. Unilateal and/or bilateral, hot, painful and swelling
oedematous joints (hook, toe, hip wings).
2. Lameness or inability to stand→ starvation, thirst &
death.
II. CNS
Tremors, convulsions, incoardination, summersaulting,
torticollis, opistotonus, rearing, move in circle,
paresis and paralysis.
B. Peripheral nerves
Acc. To the affected nerve ( sciatic, brachial, cervical).
REO, MS, FC, STAPH,
SALM.
☻ Arthritis (swollen joints with erosion and
necrosis of atricular cartilage).
☻ Presence of purulent or bloody exudate and
sometimes chalky materials in the joint
cavity.
☻ Uni or bilateral thickening of the nerves with
loss of their cross striation.
☻ Congestion, haemorrhages and necrosis of
the brain.
Causes:
Feed related factors
1.Mycotoxins.
2.Chronic nutritional defeciancy
(Vit A, E, B complex and protein).
3.Chemicals (pesticides and
antibiotics).
MICROBIAL FACTORS COUSING
IMMUNOSUPPRESION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IBD
CIA
MD
ALC
REV
All these viruses cause
perminant distruction of
primary lymphoid organs
{ thymus & bursa} and
consequantly affect on
both cell mediated and
humoral immune
response.
Microbial factors causing temprory immunosuppression
Viral
Adeno
AI
ND
Bacterial
Salmonella
Fungal
Mycoplasma
Aspergilli
Parasitic
Cryptosporidi
a
Coccidia
Enviromental
Heat, cold,
molting,RH,
temp
oIncreased susceptibility to
infections.
oVaccination failure.
oPoor feed conversion & lower
body weight.
oDecrease egg production.
oMortalities.
1. Genetic selection.
2. Biosecurity.
3. Passive immunization from dams to young
or  direct immune sera to young.
4. Recombinant or sub unit vaccines.
5. Using of immunostimmulators or potentiators.
Immunostimmulators
Thymic
factor
BCG
Corynbacteria
Fowl Pox
Vit E&A
Staph & Strep
Organic acids
Freund’s adjuv.
Levamisol