Transcript 9-2 The World of Cities Presentation

The World of
Cities
9-2 p. 249-252
Medicine and Population
 1800-1900:
Europe population doubled
because the death rate fell
 Farming, food storage, and distribution
improved
 Medical advances and improvements in
public sanitation slowed death rates
The Fight Against Disease
 Microscopic
organisms became known in
1600s
 Doctors made the germ theory
 1870- Louis Pasteur showed the link
between microbes and disease
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
Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax
Discovered pasteurization
 Killed
disease-carrying microbes in milk
The Fight Against Disease
 1880s-
Robert Koch identified the bacteria
that caused tuberculosis
 1914- yellow fever and malaria traced to
microbes from mosquitoes
 Germs causing disease made people
change their clothes more often
In the Hospital

Early 1840s- anesthesia was used to relieve pain
during surgery
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Let doctors try new surgery
Patients would die days after surgery of infection
from dirty instruments
Poor people would be put in hospitals as a death
sentence
Florence Nightingale introduced better hygiene in
hospitals and founded the first school of nursing
Joseph Lister discovered antiseptics to reduce
deaths from infection
The Life of the Cities
 Cities
dominated the West as
industrialization progressed
 City life underwent dramatic changes
The Changing City Landscape

Wealth and industrialization changed the
layout of western cities
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1850s- most extensive urban renewal took
place in Paris
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There were new squares and boulevards
Avenues were lined with government buildings,
offices, stores, and theaters
Destroyed tenement housing
Built wide boulevards and public buildings
Rich lived on the outskirts of the city
Poor lived in slums near the city center
Sidewalks, Sewers, and
Skyscrapers
 Paved
streets made urban areas easier to
live in
 Street lights increased safety at night
 Police forces and fire protection were
organized
 Sewage systems made cities healthier
 1900- steel was used to make buildings

Skyscrapers were constructed
Slums
 Urban

life was hard for the poor
Working-class families could afford clothing,
newspaper, or tickets to a music hall
 They
 The
went home to row houses or tenements
worst families crammed families into a
single room
 Unemployment or illness would ruin a
family because of lost wages
 Crime and alcoholism were constant
The Lure of the City
 New
residents came by excitement and
for the promise of work
 Cities were centers of action for tourists
 Entertainment came from music halls,
opera houses, theaters, and sports
 Education was offered by museums and
libraries
Working-Class Struggles
 Workers
tried to improve conditions of
industrial life

Protested low wages, long hours, unsafe
conditions, and threat of unemployment
 Strikes

and unions were illegal
Formed mutual-aid societies
 Late
1800s- men could vote and workers
could organize unions to bargain on their
behalf
Working-Class Struggles
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Governments passed laws to regulate working
conditions
Child labor was outlawed and employment of
women in mines was banned
1909- coal miners worked an eight-hour day
Old-age pensions and disability insurance
were established for the hurt or ill workers

Protected workers from poverty once they were
no longer able to work
Rising Standards of Living

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Unskilled workers earned less than skilled
workers
Women received less than half the pay of
men doing the same work
Farm laborers barley got by in the late 1800s
Standards of living rose
Families ate more varied diets, lived in better
homes, and dressed inexpensively
Medicine advancements improved health
The gap between workers and the middle
class widened
Review
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Urban Renewal- Rebuilding of the poor areas
of a city
Germ Theory- Speculation that was found to
be fact that certain microbes might cause
specific infectious diseases
Women’s Suffrage- women’s right to vote
Mutual Aid Society- Rebuilding of the poor
areas of a city
Standard of Living- The measure of the quality
and availability of necessities and comforts in
a society.
Review (con’t)
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Louis Pasteur- French chemist showed the link between microbes
and disease created vaccines against rabies and anthrax and
created the process of pasteurization, or killing disease carrying
microbes in milk
Florence Nightingale- British nurse during Crimean war, worked for
more sanitary hospitals, and then when the war was over return to
England and campaigned for the same sanitary conditions in
London hospitals.
Joseph Lister- English surgeon discovered how antiseptics
prevented infection.
Why did improved sanitation develop, what theory caused people
to realize they should wash hands etc.? Germ theory
Where did the poor live in cities? Slums near the city center
What group was linked to labor reform, those organizations today
still are linked to labor reform? Mutual-aid societies