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Questions # 8 - #16
#8
Bacteria vs Virus
Bacteria
Smallest in size
X
Unicellular organism
X
Contains DNA
X
Can reproduce on its own (via cell division)
X
Needs a host to reproduce
X
X
Prokaryotic
X
Cell wall
X
Has a protein coat
Killed by antibiotics
Virus
X
X
#9
A:
The virus attaches to the host cell
B:
The virus inserts its DNA into the host
cell
C:
The viral DNA instructs the host cell to
replicate new viral DNA
D:
The viral DNA tells the host cell to
make new viruses
E:
New viruses “explode” out of the cell
(the cell is no longer functional)
Antibiotics Kill Bacteria Cells
How come our cells are
not destroyed?
“What is antibiotics? Chemistry Calendar, October: Health”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAg_xcHrAhE
Natural Selection
#10
How are humans causing antibiotic
resistance?
“ Get Smart About Antibiotics”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiM
rcOc3HBM&feature=related
When they don’t follow the
directions
When they stop taking the
prescription when they “feel
better”
When they share their
medicine with others
When they pressure doctors
to give them a prescription
You never know if it will happen to
you…
“Teen may loose her hand to antibiotic-resistant,
flesh-eating, fish tank bacteria”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZlrFrqLbo0&feature=related
#11
Transmission of Pathogens
1. DIRECT CONTACT:
Human human contact (shaking hands, saliva or blood exchange)
2. INDIRECT CONTANT:
Human object human contact (air, water, food, door knobs,
phones, computers)
3. VECTORS:
Non-human organism human (ticks, mosquitoes, fleas, mice,
raccoons)
#12
Non Specific Immune Response
1st Line of Defense
“ Secure the Borders”
Natural barriers prevent
the entrance of a
pathogen.
Examples: skin, saliva,
tears and mucus.
#12
Non Specific Immune Response
2nd Line of Defense
“ Block the Breach”
Inflammation, fever and
white blood cells react to
the presence of any
pathogen.
White Blood Cell –
nd
2
Line
#12
Specific Immune Response
3rd Line of Defense
“Hunt Down Successful
Invaders”
T-cells and B-cells respond
to specific pathogens.
T- Cells: destroy infected
cells
B-Cells: create antibodies
Antibodies
#13
Antibodies are produced by B-cells. They are Y-
shaped proteins that respond to an antigen (anything
the body recognizes as foreign).
Each antibody binds to a specific antigen. Like a lock
and key.
Antibodies attach to the antigen and signal the white
blood cells to destroy it.
Antigens
Vaccination/Immunization
Deliberate exposure to an infectious virus, without
developing symptoms of the disease. Antibodies will
be made due to this exposure.
#14
How Does A Vaccine Work?
1. A piece of the dead or weakened
virus is used to make the vaccine.
2. Inject the vaccine into your body
(1st exposure).
3. Your immune system responds to
the vaccine by creating antibodies.
4. When exposed to a live virus (2nd
exposure), the body will now
recognize it and begin producing
white blood cells to fight the
infection.
How does a vaccine work?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwVfcc1S7IU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SduMbjW2V9A&feature=related
#15
A vaccine causes a Primary
Response. This is beneficial
because it will help the immune
system prepare for a response if
the person is exposed to the real
live antigen.
Secondary Response :
• the response will be more
rapid
• more antibodies will be
produced to prevent the
spread of the disease inside
the body
• the immune system’s
memory lasts longer
Why can’t we make a vaccine
for HIV?
Viruses can mutate while replicating, this means
their DNA can change and have different
properties. Antibodies will not recognize the new
virus strains.
It is too difficult for scientists to create a vaccine for
every new HIV strain.
Advantageous Mutation for
Humans
Beneficial microorganisms
Helpful bacteria and fungi that are either added or
naturally occur in foods and other man made products.
E. Coli
Bifidobacterium
Lactobacillus
Penicillium
(fungi mold)
Saccharomyces
(fungi yeast)
#16
Human Digestion
Microorganisms that live inside your intestines
are called “normal flora”. It helps your body
digest foods (sugar & fiber) and helps maintain
your immune system.
E.coli lives produces vitamin K (helps prevent blood clotting).
Lactobacillus can help prevent intestinal infections.
Bifidobacterium relieves symptoms of Irritable Bowl
Syndrome (IBS).
#16
Food
Certain bacteria, yeast and mold are used to
create unique flavors and textures of our food.
Lactobacillaceae (bacteria) perform fermentation. It produces
lactic acid, which is used to turn milk into yogurt.
Saccharomyces (yeast) perform fermentation. It produces alcohol
to make beer/wine and CO2 to help bread rise.
Penicillium (mold) assist with the ripening and flavor of cheeses.
#16
Medicine
Certain bacteria and fungi are used to create
prescribed medicines and other medical benefits.
Penicillium (fungus) is used to make antibiotics.
Probiotic pills are a mix of live microorganisms that can benefit
humans with immune heath and digestion (when taken in
adequate amounts).
The human insulin gene has been inserted into E.Coli DNA. This
laboratory process allows us to mass produce human insulin for
diabetics.