Transcript Document

UNIT 7 SEMINAR
Nephrotoxic Agents
solvents (methanol, carbon tetrachloride)
 heavy metals (lead, arsenic, mercury)
 pesticides
 antibiotics (kanamycin, gentamicin)
 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
 iodinated radiographic contrast media
 antineoplastic agents
 miscellaneous compounds (acetaminophen)
 poisonous mushrooms

Nephrotoxic Herbal Remedies
Others….
The urinary system is
responsible for:
A. cleansing the blood of
waste products.
B. regulating the normal
balance of water and
electrolytes.
C. storing and excreting
urine.
D. all of the above.
Patient- Related Risk Factors
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Age, Sex
Previous renal disease
Diabetes, Multiple myeloma, Lupus, Proteinuric
disease
Salt retaining diseases (Chirrosis, Heart Faiure,
Nephrosis)
Acidosis, potassium or magnesium depletion
Hyperuricemia, Hyperuricosuria
Kidney transplant
(Tofovic, n.d.)
Drug - Related Risk Factors
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Inherent nephrotoxic effects
Dose
Duration, frequency and form of administration
Repeated exposure
Drug interaction (synergistic toxic effects)
(Tofovic, n.d.)
Neprotoxic Effects
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Papillary necrosis
Renal vasoconstriction
Tubular injury
Nephritis
Acute renal failure
(Tofovic, n.d.)
Any Questions?
STD Don’ts
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Have sex without knowledge of partner’s history
Share drug-related needles
Have sex with multiple partners
Have direct skin contact with an open wound of an
infected person
Leave syphillis or a chancroid untreated
STD Do’s
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Communicate with your
partner or potential
partner
Proper use of condoms
Get tested
Get treated (if
needed) & complete
treatment
All STD’s exhibit symptoms, so you will know if you
have one.
True OR False
More than 20 infectious diseases are spread by
sexual contact
True OR False
Chlamydia: Symptoms
Female
 Thick
vaginal
discharge with burning
sensation
 Itching
 Abdominal pain
 Pain during intercourse
(dyspareunia)
Male
 Discharge
from penis
with burning sensation
 Itching
 Burning sensation when
urinating
 Scrotum may be
swollen
Syphilis
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A chronic, sexually transmitted infection that can
affect the entire body if left untreated
Symptoms manifest in four stages:
 Presence
of a painless but highly contagious local lesion
called a chancre (pronounced “shang-ker”) found on the
genitalia
Syphilis
Within one-two months, the primary lesion heals, but the
infection spreads throughout the body and can cause
similar lesions anywhere
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Symptom stages
The infection begins spreading systemically throughout the
body and may present with:
 Fever,
headache, aching joints, mouth sores, rashes on palms
or soles of feet
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Latent period
Final stage (can be life-threatening)
Syphilis-Late stage untreated
Gonorrhea
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A common STD with symptoms similar to chlamydia
Additional symptoms:
A
discharge of pus from the genital tract in both males
and females
 Difficult or painful urination
 Symptoms vary in severity
Failure to seek treatment for a gonorrhea infection
can result in complications including
A.
B.
C.
D.
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
septicemia.
septic arthritis.
all of the above.
Trichomoniasis
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Symptoms
 When
symptoms are present they are evidenced in
both females and males and include:
 Difficult
or painful urination
 Itching
 Women:
profuse greenish yellow discharge from the vagina
Genital Herpes
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Infection of the skin in the genital area resulting in
painful genital sores
Spread by direct skin-to-skin contact
Caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
Large percentage of infections go unnoticed
Genital Herpes
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Treatment
 There
is no cure.
 Prescription drugs are routinely used to reduce the
frequency and duration of outbreaks.
 Women with genital herpes are at increased risk for
cervical cancer and are encouraged to obtain a Pap
smear every six months for screening.
Genital Warts
(Condylomata Acuminata)
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A genital infection that causes raised cauliflowerlike growths in or near the vagina or rectum or
along the penis
Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus
(HPV) and is usually transmitted through sexual
contact.
Chancroid
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A bacterial infection of the genitalia that causes a
shallow and painless lesion on the skin or mucous
membrane that appears seven to 10 days after
sexual contact with an infected person
Symptoms:
 Over
time, ulcer usually deepens and oozes pus
Hepatitis B
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An infection of the liver that is caused by a DNA
virus
The disease has a long incubation and symptoms
may become severe or chronic, causing serious
damage to the liver
Hepatitis B (cont’d.)
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Prognosis
 Acute
cases: prognosis is good
 Liver
heals and regenerates
 May take several months
 Chronic
cases: prognosis is poor
 Inflammation
liver failure
causes destruction of liver cells and possible
HPV is commonly associated with
A.
B.
C.
D.
genital warts and many different types of cancer
genital herpes.
infection of the genitourinary tract.
trichomoniasis.
Any Questions?
Prostate Problems
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Prostatitis
Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia (BPH)
Prostate Cancer
Prostatitis
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Acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland
Infection (bacterial or nonbacterial) is the most likely
cause
Inflammation of the prostate gland is more common
in men older than 50 years.
Prostatitis can be caused by the same bacterium
that is responsible for gonorrhea.
The best preventive measure against prostatitis is
early treatment of urinary tract infections with
antibiotics.
True OR False
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
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A nonmalignant, noninflammatory enlargement of
the prostate gland
Common in men older than 50 years of age.
Symptoms
 May
compress urethra and cause urinary blockage
 Difficulty starting urination
 Weak urinary stream
 Inability to empty bladder
Prostate Cancer:
Malignancy of the prostate gland
Risk factors
 Age
(most cases occur
in men over age 45)
 Heredity (presence of
certain genes)
 Lifestyle (diet high in
animal fat, low in
vegetables and
selenium)
 Ethnicity (more common
in African-Americans)
Symptoms
 Weak
or interrupted
urine flow
 Frequent urination
 Difficulty starting or
stopping urination
 Urinary retention
 Blood in urine
 Erectile dysfunction
Prostate Cancer (cont’d.)
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Prostate cancer is often without symptom at
diagnosis.
Prostate cancer grows very slowly and therefore is
often diagnosed and treated before condition
becomes terminal.
Approximately 3 percent of men with prostate
cancer die of the condition.
It is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths in
men.
Treatment for Prostate Cancer
Type of treatment depends
on several factors:
 PSA level
 Age
 Stage of disease
 Physical condition of
patient
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Options
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Radical resection of the
prostate (TURP)
Radical prostatectomy
(surgical removal of
prostate)
Hormone therapy (for
metastatic prostate cancer)
Radiation therapy
No intervention (for men
70 years or older or who
have other co-existing
illnesses)
Prostate Cancer (cont’d.)
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Prevention
 Annual
screening for all men 50 years of age or older,
which consists of:
 Digital
rectal exams
 Serum PSA test. There is a risk of false-positive and falsenegative results with the PSA test.
 If either test is positive biopsy is performed
Test Results:
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Explain the difference between false-positive and
false-negative.
 What
kind of test is it?
 What do each mean?
Any Questions?
References
Frazier, M.S. & Drzymkowski, J.W. (2009). Essentials
of human diseases and conditions, (4th ed.). St. Louis,
MO: Saunders Elsevier.
Tofovic, S.P. (n.d.). Nephrotoxic drugs. Retrieved from
www.mpoullis.net/bsrenal/Nephrotoxic%20Drugs.p
pt