Communicable Diseases
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Transcript Communicable Diseases
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Infection Control
Health Science and Technology Education
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Microorganisms
Microorganisms are small
living bodies that are not
visible to the naked eye.
▫ Nonpathogens - maintain
body processes
▫ Pathogens – cause
infection and disease
Classes of microorganisms:
▫
▫
▫
▫
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Viruses
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Bacteria
Bacteria are one-celled
microorganisms that are
classified by shape.
Spores are thick-walled cells
created by bacteria to aid in
reproduction and to make the
bacteria resistant to harsh
environments. Spores can
result in serious illness.
Diseases - food poisoning,
strep throat, tetanus, syphilis,
and cholera
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Protozoa
Protozoa are the simplest
organisms in the animal
kingdom.
Most protozoa need moisture
to survive, so they are often
found in watery environments.
Diseases - malaria, dysentery,
and African sleeping sickness
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Fungi
Fungi are plant-like
microorganisms that can
be found in the air, in soil,
on plants, or in water.
There are thousands of
types of fungi, including
mushrooms, yeasts, and
molds. Only about half of
these types of fungi are
pathogenic.
Diseases - athlete’s foot,
ringworm, yeast infections,
and thrush
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Viruses
Viruses are the smallest
type of microorganism. They
are made up of only a few
molecules.
Viruses invade the cells of a
living organism where they
reproduce more viruses.
Diseases - common cold,
chicken pox, measles,
herpes, hepatitis B and C,
HIV, and AIDS
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Classification of Infections and Diseases
Endogenous – begins
inside the body
Exogenous – caused by
something outside the body
Nosocomial – acquired by
an individual within a health
care facility
Opportunistic – occur when
the body’s defenses are
weak
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Infectious and Communicable Diseases
An infectious disease
results from an invasion of
microorganisms.
A communicable disease is
a type of infectious disease
that can be transmitted from
one person to another
person.
Not all infectious diseases
are communicable.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Chain of Infection
Causative agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Mode of Transmission
Airborne Transmission
Bloodborne Transmission
Vectorborne Transmission
Sexual Transmission
Foodborne Transmission
Casual Contact
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Asepsis
Asepsis is a condition that
is free of pathogens.
Maintaining asepsis in a
health care facility is the
primary way to prevent the
spread of disease from
person to person.
It works by breaking the
chain of infection.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Medical and Surgical Asepsis
Medical asepsis is maintaining
a clean environment in order to
reduce the number of
pathogens. It is also called
clean technique.
Surgical asepsis is maintaining
a sterile field that is free from all
microorganisms and spores. It
is also known as sterile
technique.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Sterilizing
Sterilization is the
highest level of asepsis.
Sterilization is a type of
surgical asepsis that
kills all microorganisms,
including viruses and
spores.
The most common
piece of equipment
used for sterilization is
called an autoclave.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Disinfecting
Disinfection is a type of
medical asepsis that
destroys most pathogens,
but is not always effective
on viruses and spores.
Common disinfectant
solutions include chlorine
and bleach. An object
must soak in a disinfectant
solution for at least 20
minutes to be properly
disinfected.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Cleaning
Cleaning is the lowest level
of asepsis, and is also
called sanitization.
The cleaning process does
not require harsh chemicals
to destroy pathogens, so
cleaning can be used on
people.
Antiseptic solutions such as
iodine, betadine, and
alcohol are often used in the
cleaning process.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Hand Washing
Hand washing is the most
basic and important type
of medical asepsis.
Hand washing is the
number one way to
prevent the spread of
infection.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Handwashing
When arriving at the health care
facility and immediately before
leaving the facility
Before and after every patient
contact
Before and after a procedure
Before and after handling a
specimen
Before and after touching the
mouth
Before and after wearing gloves.
After contacting soiled or
contaminated items
After picking up any item from the
floor
After using the bathroom
After coughing, sneezing, or using
a tissue
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Handwashing
Use liquid soap
Use warm water
Rub hands together firmly
Clean all surfaces of the hands
Keep fingers pointed
downward
Wash for at least 15 to 20
seconds
Use only dry paper towels to
dry hands
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Standard Precautions for Patient Contact
Use appropriate personal
protective equipment
Wash hands frequently
Bandage cuts properly
Use face shields during
CPR
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Precautions for Environmental Cleanliness
Place sharps in punctureproof biohazardous waste
containers
Clean up spills immediately
Discard infectious waste in
biohazardous waste bags
Place contaminated linens in
biohazardous laundry bags
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Masks and Eyewear
Masks and eyewear must
be worn for procedures that
may produce splashes or
sprays of blood or bodily
fluid.
Masks should be worn once
and then discarded into
biohazardous waste
containers.
Eyewear is often reusable.
However, it must be cleaned
and disinfected before
reuse.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Gowns
Gowns should be worn when
using chemical solutions and
during procedures where
splashing or spraying of blood
and bodily fluid is likely.
Disposable gown should be
placed into biohazardous
waste containers after use.
Non-disposable gowns may be
placed into biohazardous
linens bags.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Non-Sterile Gloves
Non-sterile gloves should be
worn when contacting blood
or other bodily fluids and
when handling or cleaning
contaminated items.
The same pair of gloves
should never be worn in more
than one procedure.
Wearing gloves should never
replace washing hands.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Using PPE
Order for donning PPE
▫ Mask and eyewear
▫ Gown
▫ Gloves
Order for removing PPE
▫ Gloves
▫ Gown
▫ Mask and eyewear
Always wash hands before
donning the items and
immediately after removing
them.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Communicable Diseases
A communicable disease is a
type of infectious disease
that can be transmitted from
one person to another
person.
Some communicable
diseases are spread through
direct contact. Others may be
spread through indirect
contact.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Transmission of Communicable Diseases
Not all communicable
diseases are transmitted the
same way.
There are many different
types of communicable
diseases, and health care
workers must become
familiar with the mode of
transmission for each
disease.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Transmission-Based Precautions
Transmission-based
precautions are used only
with patients who have been
diagnosed with highly
communicable diseases.
Three types:
▫ Airborne
▫ Droplet
▫ Contact
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Airborne Precautions
Airborne precautions are
used for patients with
disease that are spread
through tiny airborne
droplets.
Precautions:
▫ Isolation room
▫ Respiratory protection
▫ Negative pressure
Examples of diseases:
▫ Tuberculosis
▫ Chicken pox
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
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Droplet Precautions
Droplet precautions are used
for patients with diseases
that are spread through large
airborne droplets.
Precautions:
▫ Isolation room
▫ Standard surgical masks
Examples of diseases:
▫ Pneumonia
▫ Influenza
▫ Whooping cough
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Contact Precautions
Contact precautions are
used for patients with
diseases that are spread
through direct and indirect
contact.
Precautions:
▫ Isolation room
▫ Gowns and gloves
▫ Equipment precautions
Examples of diseases:
▫ MRSA
▫ VRE
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Transmission-Based Garments
Special care must be taken when
removing transmission-based
garments because the items may
be contaminated with highly
infectious pathogens.
Transmission-based garments
must be removed and disposed
inside the door of the patient’s
room.
Health care workers must not
touch the outer surface of any
protective garments.
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