Transcript Infection Control Techniques

PowerPoint® to accompany
Medical Assisting
Chapter 20
Second Edition
Ramutkowski  Booth  Pugh  Thompson  Whicker
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Infection-Control Techniques
Objectives
20-1 Describe the three levels of infection control.
20-2 Compare and contrast the procedures for
sanitization, disinfection and sterilization.
20-3 Describe measures used in sanitization.
29-4 List various methods used in disinfection and the
advantages and disadvantages of each.
20-5 Explain what an autoclave is and how it operates.
20-6 List the steps in the general autoclave procedures.
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Infection-Control Techniques
Objectives (cont.)
20-7 Explain how to wrap and label items for
sterilization in an autoclave.
20-8 Describe how to complete the sterilization
procedure using an autoclave.
20-9 Describe four other methods for sterilizing
instruments.
20-10 List some infectious diseases, and identify their
signs and symptoms.
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Infection-Control Techniques
Objectives (cont.)
20-11 Describe Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention requirements for reporting cases of
infectious disease.
20-12 Describe CDC guidelines for patient isolation.
20-13 Explain the purpose of immunization.
20-14 Describe your role in educating patients about
immunizations.
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Introduction

Patients coming to
the office for
treatment may be
more susceptible to
infections.

Importance of
immunizations and
patient education is
stressed as a method
of infection control.
You will be introduced to identifying infectious diseases,
reporting guidelines and how to isolate patients.
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Medical Assistant’s Role
in Infection Control



Follow correct
sanitization, disinfection
and sterilization
procedures
Help patient understand
basic disease prevention
Administer immunizations
and educate patients
about immunizations
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Three Levels of Infection
Control
 Sanitization – cleaning
and scrubbing
instruments and
equipment to remove
contaminated materials
and microorganisms
 Disinfection – second
level used on
instruments and
equipments that come
in contact with intact
mucous membrane
Sterilization – complete destruction of all microorganismspathogenic, beneficial, and harmless- surface of instrument
and equipment
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Sanitization Methods
 Collecting instruments – place in container
with water and neutral pH detergent until you
can get to them.
 Use utility gloves always and mask, eye
protection and protective clothing if blood,
body fluids or tissue are present
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Sanitization Methods (cont.)
 Drain disinfectant or
detergent solution
 Rinse each piece under hot
running water
 Scrub each item using hot,
soapy water and small
plastic brush
 Pay careful attention to
hinges, ratchets and nooks
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Sanitization Methods (cont.)
 Rinse instruments individually and place each
one on a clean towel.
 Roll all instruments in the towel to remove
moisture
 Place instruments either in trays or bins for
storage or wrap for sterilization
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Apply Your Knowledge
What is the difference between
sanitization and sterilization?
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Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
What is the difference between
sanitization and sterilization?
Sanitization is the cleaning and scrubbing
instruments and equipment to remove
contaminated materials and microorganisms.
Sterilization is the complete destruction of all
microorganisms -pathogenic, beneficial, and
harmless - from the surface of instruments and
equipment.
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Disinfection
 Wear gloves when handling instruments.
 Disinfection solution must cover every
surface.
 Used if instrument does not penetrate a
patient’s skin or mucous membranes




Enamelware
Endotracheal tubes
Glassware
Laryngoscopes and nasal specula
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Sterilization
 Required for all instruments or supplies
that will penetrate a patient’s skin or
any other normally sterile area of the
body.
 First sanitize it and/or disinfect it.





Autoclaving
Chemical (cold) processes
Dry heat processes
Gas processes
Microwave processes
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Autoclave
 Primary method of
sterilizing instruments
 Steam operate at lower
temperature
 Moist steam permeates
the wrapping
 Moisture causes
coagulation of proteins
causing cells to burst and
killing them.
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Autoclave (cont.)
1. Prepare instruments by wrapping in
muslin or special porous paper
2. Preheat according to manufacturer’s
guidelines
3. Perform any quality control procedures
4. Load instruments and equipment
5. Set the autoclave for the correct time
after temperature and pressure has been
reached
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Autoclave (cont.)
6. Run the autoclave through
sterilization cycle and drying cycle
7. Remove the instruments and
equipment
8. Store the instruments and equipment
properly
9. Clean autoclave and surrounding area
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Other Methods of Sterilization
 Chemical – using chemicals
solutions (Chemiclave) when
heat can’t be used
 Dry heat – used when can’t use
heat or chemicals
 Gas – used in hospitals takes
Microorganisms
longer than steam
 Microwave – low pressure
steam with radiation to produce
localized heat that kills
microorganisms.
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Apply Your Knowledge
When would you use a chemical process
to sterilize instruments?
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Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
When would you use a chemical process
to sterilize instruments?
You would use chemical process to sterilize
instruments when heat and moisture would
damage the instruments.
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Infectious Disease
Identifying signs and symptoms of these diseases
can help protect health care workers and patients
from exposure to pathogens.
Pertussis
Poliomyelitis
Roseola
Rubella
Chickenpox (varicella)
Common cold
 Croup
 Diphtheria
 Haemophilus influenzae
Type B
 Influenza
 Measles
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Infectious Disease (cont.)
 Common cold
Signs and symptoms:
 Coughing and
sneezing
 Incubation lasts 2 to
3 days
 Use frequent hand
washing
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Infectious Disease (cont.)
 Croup – occurs when an allergy, foreign
body, or an infection obstructs the upper
airway.
 Harsh, barking cough, difficulty breathing
 Use humidified air
 Encourage rest and clear warm fluids
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Infectious Disease (cont.)
 Measles (rubeola) – viral disease; itchy rash
appears 14 days after exposure
 Mumps – viral infection; pain and
inflammation of the parotid glands, fever
 Rubella – viral infection; fever and itchy rash
Immunization programs for children will reduce
patients risk of contracting these diseases.
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Infectious Disease (cont.)
 Tetanus (lockjaw) –
bacterial disease cause by
puncture wound by infected
fomite
 Vaccination can prevent
tetanus
 Tuberculosis (TB) –
bacterial disease of the lungs
with night sweats, fever,
chills, fatigue, blood sputum.
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Apply Your Knowledge
What are three viral infections that
children most commonly receive
immunizations against?
26
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
What are three viral infections that
children most commonly receive
immunizations against?
Measles, mumps, and rubella
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Reporting Guidelines
 CDC requires reporting certain
diseases to the state or county
department of health.
 Helps research epidemiologists
control the spread of infections.
 Certain diseases must be
reported to the National
Notifiable Disease Surveillance
System of the CDC. (See figure
20-10.)
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Guidelines for Isolation
Precautions
Three parts:
 Standard Precautions developed
 Precautions designed to prevent spread of
infection by droplet, airborne, or contact
known as Transmission-Based Precautions
 Describes specific syndromes you may
encounter that are highly infectious
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Immunizations
 Administration of a
vaccine or toxoid to
protect susceptible
individuals from
infectious disease
 Reduces risk of
infection spread
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Immunization (cont.)
 Immunization for Children published jointly
by:
 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
 American Academy of Pediatrics
 American Academy of Family Physicians

The National Coalition of Adult
Immunization (NCAI) publishes a schedule
for adults.
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Patient Education –
Immunizations
Pediatric Patients
 Informed consents
 Contraindications
 Immunizations records
Pregnant
 May need more immunizations
 Do not give rubella immunization during
pregnancy
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Patient Education –
Immunizations (cont.)
Elderly Patients:
 Influenza and pneumonia are needed
 Describe that side effects are mild
Immunocompromised Patients
 Can experience minimal to dangerous effects of
immunizations
 Depends on patient’s disease
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Patient Education –
Immunizations (cont.)
Health care Workers:
 Risk of contracting infectious
disease.
 Should pay careful attention to
own immunization status.
 Employers must offer
vaccination against Hepatitis B
at no cost to employee.
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Apply Your Knowledge
What organization publishes
immunization schedules for adults?
35
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
What organization publishes an
immunization schedule for adults?
National Coalition of Adult Immunization
(NCAI)
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Summary
Medical Assistant
Sanitization, disinfection, and sterilization break the
pathogen cycle by ridding instruments and
equipment of pathogens.
You play a vital role in reducing patient
vulnerability by encouraging patients to maintain a
correct immunization status and by being aware of
special immunization concerns of certain patients.
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End of Chapter
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