Infection, Asepsis
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Transcript Infection, Asepsis
Infection, Asepsis
and
Sterile Technique
MICROORGANISMS
living cells
found
everywhere in
the environment
can be beneficial
mold for
cheese
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MICROORGANISMS
can be harmful
HIV causes AIDS
understanding disease
transmission helps create
technology for disease
prevention
you will care for patients
with:
infectious diseases
communicable diseases
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MICROORGANISMS
Structure and Function
similar cell structure to animals
and plants
metabolic process
take in oxygen
burn food for energy and
growth
excrete wastes
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MICROORGANISMS
Structure and Function
increase in size, divide
and mutate
react to environmental
changes
able to move on their
own
form protective
capsules
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MICROORGANISMS
Nature of microorganisms
all human beings contain
microorganisms in and on their bodies
most do not produce disease under
normal conditions
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MICROORGANISMS
Nature
pathogenic (disease
causing) microorganisms
have the potential to
negatively affect a
person’s health
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MICROORGANISMS
Growth of microorganisms
beginning of a bacterial
infection
hundreds of bacterial cells
as bacteria reproduce
millions of bacterial
cells
colonies
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MICROORGANISMS
Growth
environmental factors
oxygen
nutrients
temperature
moisture
pH
light
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MICROORGANISMS
Types
algae
rarely cause disease
fungi
yeasts
thrush/vaginitis
molds
athlete’s foot
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MICROORGANISMS
Types
protozoa
microscopic
vaginal infection
urinary tract
infection
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MICROORGANISMS
Types
bacteria
spores
difficult to control
& destroy
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MICROORGANISMS
Types
bacteria
pathogenic
gonorrhea
upper
respiratory
infection
meningitis
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MICROORGANISMS
Types
Viruses
affect every system and
tissue of the body
HIV
immunization is most
effective in prevention
of specific viruses
polio, smallpox &
measles
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Definition
caused by pathogenic
microorganisms
communicable
spreads from one
person to another
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Definition
contagious
transmitted to many
individuals quickly &
easily
can cause an epidemic
large number of people
in the same area are
infected in a short time
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Chain of Infection
reservoir
people
animals
insects
inanimate objects
portal of exit
all body orifices
discharges
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Chain of Infection
Vehicle
direct/indirect contact
human carrier
airborne
water-borne
food-borne
vectors
blood borne
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Chain of Infection
Portal of Entry
respiratory tract
GI/GU
reproductive
open wounds
incisions/puncture
sites
body orifices
tubes/catheters
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Chain of Infection
High Risk Host
hospitalized/inactive
chronic fatigue
poor nutrition
infants/elderly
injury/wound/shock/trauma
medications side effects
emotional factors
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Breaking the Chain of Infection
reservoir
HANDWASHING
sterilize
disinfect
clean/soap & water
discard disposable equipment
dressing changes PRN
contaminated/proper disposal
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Breaking the Chain of Infection
Portal of Exit
HANDWASHING
waste disposal
secretions/drainage
protect open wounds/
sterile fields
gloves/masks
medications
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Breaking the Chain of Infection
Vehicle
HANDWASHING
trash incinerators
linen/toiletries
infected wounds
food handling
isolation/airflow
sterilization
sharps
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Breaking the Chain of Infection
Portal of Entry
HANDWASHING
clean, dry skin; use
moisturizer
prevent skin breakdown
clean, dry linen
tubes/collection bags
wound care
BSI/sterile procedure
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Breaking the Chain of Infection
High risk Host
HANDWASHING (infection
control)
treat underlying condition
rest/skin care
nutrition/fluids
reduce anxiety
cough/deep breathe
immunization
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RESPONSE TO INFECTION
Response
depends on organism and host
normal course of infection
st phase (incubation period)
1
when pathogen enters the body to
the appearance of first symptoms
nd phase (prodromal stage)
2
from appearance of first symptoms
to more severe symptoms
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RESPONSE TO INFECTION
Response
normal course of infection
rd phase (full stage)
3
symptoms are acute and specific
to type of infection
final phase (convalescence stage)
when acute symptoms subside
and patient recovers
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RESPONSE TO INFECTION
Factors that Influence Infection
Body’s defense mechanisms
Portal of entry
only if they gain access
to the body through a
specific portal of entry
Number of microorganism
greater the number, greater
the opportunity to cause
disease
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RESPONSE TO INFECTION
Factors that Influence Infection
Virulence
pathogen’s strength to cause
disease
protective capsules
enzymes
Host resistance
some normal flora have an
antibiotic relationship
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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
serious problem
acquired in the
hospital
reasons
presence
resistance to
antibiotics
many reservoirs
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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
Conditions that Increase
the Risk
broad spectrum antibiotic used
frequently
failure of appropriate proper
technique
multiple healthcare personnel
prolonged hospitalization
lowered resistance to disease
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS
Definition (Asepsis)
practices that minimize or
eliminate organisms that can
cause infection and disease
medical asepsis
clean technique
surgical asepsis
sterile technique
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS
Definition (Medical Asepsis)
components
reduce/prevent number
of microorganism
transmissions
HANDWASHING
barrier techniques
clean environment
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS
Medical Asepsis
HANDWASHING
single most effective measure to
prevent the spread of disease
barrier technique (PPE)
keep organisms from
entering or leaving the
respiratory tract, your eyes
or breaks in the skin
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS
Medical Asepsis
gloves
latex allergy
eye protection
goggles/glasses
gowns/aprons
fluid resistant
masks
disposable
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS
leaving a patient’s room
discard
gown/mask/gloves
HANDWASHING
terminal disinfecting
patient and family teaching
HANDWASHING
hygienic practices
aseptic technique
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SURGICAL ASEPSIS
Asepsis
dirty
not been cleaned or sterilized
clean
many or the most harmful
microorganisms have been removed
sterile
free of all microorganisms and spores
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SURGICAL ASEPSIS
Sterile Technique
no organisms are carried
to the patient
used during dressing
changes, administering
parenteral medications &
sterile procedures
first sterilize articles and
prevent contact with
unsterile articles
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SURGICAL ASEPSIS
Disinfection & Sterilization
disinfectants destroy most pathogens
but not necessarily their spores
sterilization destroys all pathogens
and spores
Sterile Protective Measures
hair covering, surgical mask, sterile
gown and sterile gloves
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INFECTION CONTROL
Standard Precautions
Universal Precautions
reduce risk of
transmission of bloodborne pathogens
Body Substance Isolation
(BSI)
reduce transmission from
moist body substances
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INFECTION CONTROL
Standard Precautions
must consider ALL patients
are potentially infected
wear gloves when in contact with
blood, body fluids, non-intact skin,
mucous membranes or contaminated
items & change them after each contact
HANDWASHING if contaminated with
blood, body fluids, after each patient
contact & after removing gloves
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INFECTION CONTROL
Standard Precautions
wear a gown/apron when clothing could
become soiled
wear mask, eye protection/face shield if
splashing of blood/body fluids is possible
do not recap/break needles
use proper sharps container
report any exposures
clean equipment after each use
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INFECTION CONTROL
Transmission-Based Precautions
airborne precautions
tiny microorganisms from
evaporated droplets remain
suspended in the air or carried by
dust particles & inhaled
TB, measles and chickenpox
private negative pressure room
doors of rooms kept closed
high-filtration particulate respirator
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INFECTION CONTROL
Transmission-Based Precautions
droplet precautions
microorganisms are propelled through the
air through sneezing, coughing, talking or
suctioning
meningitis, pneumonia, influenza, mumps,
rubella, and etc.
mask and private room
doors may remain open
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INFECTION CONTROL
Transmission-Based Precautions
contact precautions
most frequent mode of transmission
direct contact of body surface
indirect contact such as needle/hand
HEP A, herpes simplex virus, acute
diarrhea, draining abscess & etc.
gloves, gown and private room
use in ADDITION to Standard Precautions
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INFECTION CONTROL
Isolation
administering medications
unwrap before going into pt’s room
use disposable med trays and cups
don’t take med cards into pt’s room
HANDWASHING
needles/syringes in sharps container
use & discard IV bags in pt’s room
dispose of all materials in pt’s room
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INFECTION CONTROL
Isolation
sending a specimen to the
laboratory
before collecting, label
container
place into bag with
“biohazard” label
HANDWASHING
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INFECTION CONTROL
Isolation
taking vital signs
use equipment in patient’s room
wear PPE as indicated
use clock in patient’s room, not
your watch
use disposable temperature system
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INFECTION CONTROL
Isolation
transporting the patient to other
areas
wear PPE as indicated to
include pt
control/contain patient’s
drainage
escort ambulatory patients
notify other areas of patient’s
precautions
disinfect transportation device
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INFECTION CONTROL
Isolation
caring for the patient’s body after death
take special precautions to prevent
spread of infection
protective (reverse) isolation
protection from outside environment
for weakened immune response pts
burns or bone marrow transplants,
HIV positive, chemotherapy and etc.
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REVIEW OF MAIN POINTS
Microorganisms
Infectious Disease
Response to Infection
Nosocomial Infections
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
Infection Control
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