Transcript Chapter 15 PPT

Chapter 15: Critical Thinking and
Problem Solving
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Critical Thinking
• Definition & Characteristics (Dr. Richard Paul)
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“A systematic way to form and shape one’s thinking”
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Functions purposefully & exactingly
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Disciplined
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Comprehensive
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Based on intellectual standards
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Well-reasoned
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Critical Thinking (cont’d)
• Features of Critical Thinking in Health Care
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Purposeful & results-oriented
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Based on principles of:
• Health care practice
• Scientific method
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Evidence-based
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Guided by professional standards & ethics codes
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Self-correcting through constant reevaluation
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Critical Thinking (cont’d)
• Analyzing and Evaluating Information
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What is the main purpose?
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What is the most important information?
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What data support the main purpose?
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What are the key concepts or most important ideas? How do
they relate to the main purpose?
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What message is the author trying to convey?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Critical Thinking (cont’d)
• Improving Your Critical-Thinking Skills
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Clarify your thinking
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Discipline your thinking
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Ask meaningful questions
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Be willing to change your mind
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Problem Solving
• Basic Problem-Solving Approach in Action
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Identify the problem
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Gather information & identify possible solutions
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Select the best option
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Implement the solution
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Evaluate the results
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Problem Solving (cont’d)
• Basic problem-solving approach
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Problem Solving (cont’d)
• Trial-and-Error Problem Solving
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Testing solutions until one is found that works
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Not effective in health care
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Can be dangerous
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Problem Solving (cont’d)
• Scientific Problem Solving
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Problem identification
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Data collection
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Hypothesis formulation
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Plan of action
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Hypothesis testing
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Interpretation of results
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Evaluation
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Problem Solving (cont’d)
• Intuitive Problem Solving
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Based on inner prompting or instinct
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No logical thinking
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Identifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or
dissimilarity to other problems
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Study Skills
• Four Processes of Studying
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Refreshing one’s memory
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Taking in new information
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Organizing & memorizing data
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Making connections among information
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Study Skills (cont’d)
• Study Area: Desired Features
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Adequate but not overwhelming lighting
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Comfortable temperature
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Soft, non-distracting background music
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White noise
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No phone
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No TV
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Study Skills (cont’d)
• Daily Preparation
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Read texts
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Review notes
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Study patient files
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Analyze test results
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Consult fellow learners or colleagues
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Examine additional resources
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Study Skills (cont’d)
• Reading Strategies
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Pay attention to bold & italicized print
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Write main paragraph points in page margins or a notebook
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Read everything, including:
• Tables
• Graphs
• Illustrations
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Study Skills (cont’d)
• Three Parts of Learning Information
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Reception: taking in information without knowing what it means
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Perception: giving meaning to information
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Selection: recognizing information as important or unimportant
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Study Skills (cont’d)
• Types of Memory
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Working memory
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Short-term memory
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Long-term memory
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Study Skills (cont’d)
• Techniques for recalling information
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Say or write down everything you can remember
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Try to recall events or information in a different order
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Recreate the learning environment or relive the event
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Study Skills (cont’d)
• Different Strategies for Learning
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Make associations
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Acronyms & acrostics
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Flashcards
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Music
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Study Skills (cont’d)
• Study Groups: Characteristics of Effective Members
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Committed
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Contributing
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Compatible
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Considerate
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Study Skills (cont’d)
• Study Groups: Making the Most of Study Sessions
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Determine objectives
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Prepare in advance
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Alternate instruction
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Focus on the task
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