Transcript first aid personal

New Hampshire Wing Civil Air Patrol
United States Air Force Auxiliary
Paul E Mondoux Lt Col, CAP, NREMTI, NHEMT/IC
Preventing Disease
Transmission
Bloodborne Pathogens

This training module is intended as
means for the completion of the training
requirement and serves as an update for
Civil Air Patrol Members.
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It is designed to provide a basic
understanding of the risks associated with
exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
General Information
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Blood
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Human blood, human blood components and products
made from human blood.
Bloodborne Pathogens
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Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human
blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens
include, but are not limited to, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV),
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
General Information Continued
Contamination
 The presence or reasonably anticipated
presence of blood or other potentially
infectious materials on an item or surface.
 Contaminated sharps
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Any contaminated object that can penetrate the
skin including, but not limited to needles,
scalpels, broken glass, broken capillary tubes, and
plasticware.
General Information Continued
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Decontamination
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The use of physical or chemical means to remove,
inactivate, or destroy bloodborne pathogens on a surface
or item. As a result, the surface or item is no longer
capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface
is rendered safe for handling, use or disposal.
Engineering Controls
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Mechanical devices that isolate or remove the bloodborne
pathogens hazard from the workplace. Includes sharps
containers, shielding, or self-sheathing needles.
General Information Continued

Other potentially infectious materials
(OPIM)
•
Means human body fluids, including saliva in
dental procedures; any unfixed tissue or organ
from a human; cell, tissue and organ cultures;
HIV- and HBV- containing culture medium or
other solutions; blood, organs, or other tissues
from experimental animals infected with HIV or
HBV.
General Information Continued
Parenteral
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Piercing of mucous membranes or the skin
through such events as: needlesticks, human bites,
cuts, and abrasions.
Seroconversion
•
The development of detectable specific antibodies
in the serum as a result of infection or
immunization.
General Information Continued

Standard Precautions
•
An approach to infection control. According to
the concept of Standard Precautions, all human
blood and all human body fluids are treated as if
infectious
More About Bloodborne
Pathogens
Bloodborne Pathogens include:
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Hepatitis Viruses
Meningitis
Tuberculosis
 As well as agents that cause...
Malaria
Relapsing Fever
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
Syphilis
Transmission of Agents

Parenteral exposure - The pathogen is
introduced directly into the body through a
break in the skin, needlestick, or through a cut
with a contaminated instrument or glass.
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Mucous membrane exposure - Exposure
through contact of a mucous membrane in the
eye, nose or mouth.
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Transmission of HIV and Hepatitis B can also
occur through sexual contact, and from mother
to infant through perinatal transmission, or
breast milk.
How Diseases Spread
For a disease to transmitted., all four of
the following conditions must be met:
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A pathogen is present
There is enough of the pathogen to cause
disease
A person is susceptible to the pathogen
The pathogen passes through the correct
entry site
Contamination
How Pathogens enter the body
Diseases that cause concern
Some diseases, such as the common
cold, are passed on from one person to
another and cause some discomfort but
are usually short lived and rarely cause
serious problems.
Other diseases cause more severe
problems and these are the ones we have
to be concerned with.
Human Immunodeficiency
Virus
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus causes Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a severe life threatening
illness which suppresses the body’s immune system and can
impede neurological function.

Symptoms of HIV infection may range from an
asymptomatic state to severe immunodeficiency,
opportunistic infections, neoplasms, and other
conditions. There is no known cure or immunization
which can prevent seroconversion to the virus.
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HIV Transmission
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HIV can be transmitted parenterally and through mucous
membrane exposures that include:
Sticks with contaminated needles.
Mucous membrane or non-intact skin exposure to
infected blood, tissue, blood products and body
fluids.
Also, transmission can occur as a result of:
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Exchange of infected body fluids during sex.
Transfusion with infected blood or blood products.
Passage of the virus from mother to infant.
HIV is not transmitted by casual
contact
HBV
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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) causes an
infection of the liver. Symptoms of HBV
infection may range from none to flu-like
symptoms, jaundice and serious illness. If
symptoms do occur, they may not be
evident until 2 to 6 months after the
person is infected.

Infection with HBV can lead to chronic
diseases later in life, such as cirrhosis and
liver cancer and death.
HBV is much more infectious that HIV

Hepatitis B is transmitted in many of the same
ways as HIV – through a break in the skin and
mucous membrane exposures to infected body
fluids. It can also be spread through sexual
intercourse.

The best way to prevent HBV infection is:
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Follow Standard Precautions for Body Substance
Isolation (BSI).
(Formerly called Universal Precautions)
Key points to remember
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HBV can survive for up to 7 days outside of the
host in dried blood.
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140,000 - 320,000 people become infected with
HBV every year in the United States.
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Between 6 and 10% of these people become
carriers.
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1.25 million people in the United States are
chronic carriers.
Hepatitis C (HCV)

Hepatitis C (HCV) is a virus that, like
HBV, causes an infection of the liver
- potentially leading to liver disease,
liver cancer, cirrhosis and possibly
death.
Symptoms

Symptoms of HCV are like those of HBV.

80% of infections are totally
asymptomatic until the time of
irreversible liver damage.
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It is most commonly transmitted through
needlestick exposures.
Center for Disease Control and
Prevention estimates
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135,000 to 180,000 new cases of HCV each year
in the United States.
At least 85% of persons with HCV infection
become chronically infected.
4 million chronic carriers in U.S.
Approximately 20% of persons who develop a
chronic infection will develop primary liver
cancer or cirrhosis.
8,000 - 10,000 deaths/year from HCV infections.
key points
No vaccination can protect you
against Hepatitis C.
 Post - exposure treatments are not
highly effective.
 Standard Precautions are your only
protection.
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Herpes
There are several viruses that can cause herpes
infections. These viruses cause infection of the
skin and mucous membranes. They are very
easily passed on by direct contact.
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The herpes virus stays inactive until stimulated.
Early stages may cause
Headaches
Core throat
Swelling of the lymph glands
General ill feeling
Sometimes swelling occurs around the lips and
mouth commonly called cold sores
Herpes
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In more serious cases sores to appear
around the ,Face, Neck and Shoulders
Another form causes sores in the genital
area. Antibiotics do not work against the
viruses so the infection runs its course.
Herpes becomes inactive and then can
flare up again.
Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is spread primarily by
airborne droplets that are coughed up from the lungs of
persons with active disease. Once inhaled, the organisms
establish infection in the lungs and then disseminate
throughout the body before the immune response brings the
primary infection under control. Most infected persons have
no symptoms of disease. Following infection a small
percentage of individuals will develop symptoms. About ten
percent of persons who become infected will develop an
active case of TB during their lifetime.
Risk of (TB)
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The risk of developing active disease is enhanced by
a number of factors that include:
HIV infection
Steroids
underlying medical conditions such as
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diabetes mellitus
sudden weight loss
For decades the prevalence of tuberculosis in the United States was
declining. However, since the mid-1980's, the number of tuberculosis
cases has increased. This increase appears to be fueled by the
development of the epidemic of HIV infection in this country.
Few Facts
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The risk increases when an uninfected person shares
space with an infected person for long periods of
time.
Employee populations at risk include: clinical
personnel, personnel with outpatient contact and
laboratory personnel who handle the organism.
TB Screening
TB Screening
 Everyone who is at risk of occupational
exposure to tuberculosis must be screened on
an annual basis. Persons working in high risk
areas should be screened twice yearly.
 Screening is done from the local
Health Department
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Meningitis
Meningitis is a sever infection of the
covering of the brain and the spinal
cord. It can be caused by either
viruses or bacteria. It is easily
transmitted by direct, indirect and
airborne means
Meningitis continued
You can get the viral form from
contaminated food and water. Bacterial
meningitis can be transmitted through
the mucus in the nose and mouth
The germs might be passed if an effect
person coughs near your face or if you
come in direct contact with the persons
mucus. You could get bacterial meningitis
from unprotected rescue breathing
Universal Precautions
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
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The Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) recommend that all
patient care workers and first responders
use universal precautions, Based on the
assumption that all patients/individuals
are potential carriers of Bloodborne
Pathogens.
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The concept is known as Body
Substance Isolation (BSI)
Protection
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Protection takes many forms
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Follow BSI Precautions (also known as Universal
Precautions) and policies
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Use Personal Protective Equipment: Risk is
controlled with barrier protection such as gloves,
safety glasses and masks.
Standard Precautions
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Standard BSI Precautions are minimum
infection control procedures that are
intended to prevent the transmission of
HIV, hepatitis and other bloodborne
pathogens in healthcare settings.
They are based on the principle that all
blood, body fluids and patients are
potentially infectious.
Standard precautions include:
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The routine use of protective equipment
to prevent skin and mucous membrane
exposure when contact with blood or
body fluids is anticipated.
Anyone with lesions or weeping dermatitis
should refrain from all direct patient care
contact and from handling patient-care
equipment until the condition resolves.
Protective eye wear
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Protective eye wear,
or a face shield, is to
be worn for
procedures that may
result in the
generation of droplets,
splashing of blood or
other body fluids, or
the generation of bone
chips
Gloves
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Wear gloves whenever touching
blood and body fluids, or when
handling items or surfaces soiled
with blood or body fluids.
Handwashing
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Hands and other skin surfaces must
be washed immediately, and
thoroughly, if contaminated with
blood or other body fluids.
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Hands must also be washed
immediately after gloves are
removed.
Handwashing
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Use soap and water
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Lather 10 - 15
seconds
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Wash all surfaces
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Rinse with warm water
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Towel dry
Scene Response
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Scene Safety is a most important consideration
to a first responder.
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Safety considerations need to include your own
safety and the safety of all the others present at
the scene.
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An injured responder cannot help those in need,
and becomes someone who needs help. Close
attention to safety and BSI can prevent
unnecessary illness, injuries and even death.
Emergency Procedures
For splashes and other potential
exposures
 Wash area with water for at
least 15 minutes.
 Report exposure to Officer in
charge.
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Cleanup of a Blood Spill
Don personal protective equipment
Remove any sharp objects carefully
 Circle spill with disinfectant
 Saturate with disinfectant
Let stand 15 - 20 minutes
 Clean and Dispose of Paper Towel
 Re-spray area with disinfectant
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Disposal of waste
Disposal of waste is an important part of an
over-all safety strategy.
The procedures for the disposal of
infectious wastes are prescribed and
regulated by the Department of Health
and Human Services. Regulated waste
includes cultures and stocks, pathological
wastes, human blood, blood products and
body fluid waste, animal wastes,
isolations wastes.
Hazardous waste
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Use RED Hazardous waste
Bags for: all contaminated
items that are clearly identifiable
and distinguishable from general
waste.
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ALL disposable gloves are
discarded as infectious wastes in
Hazardous waste bags. These
bags are RED with the
BIOHAZRD symbol on the bag.
Disposal
All articles containing Blood or body
fluids are to be disposed of in the
RED Hazardous waste Bags
 These bags can be brought to a local
Hospital for disposal.
 The bags are not to be placed in the
normal trash containers
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Review

The Bloodborne Pathogens are
microorganisms present in blood and other
body fluids that can cause diseases with
significant consequences. These diseases
include AIDS, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.
protect yourself
To protect yourself from exposure to
these agents:
 Follow all Standard Precautions.
 Treat all human blood, tissue, and body fluids
as infected.
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If you sustain sharp instrument
injury
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Discontinue on contact immediately.
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Wash area with soap and water immediately.
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Report exposure to Officer in Command
immediately.