Transcript 3 salon ecology2.1 - Get Your Professional License

COMMUNICATING
Salon Ecology
FOR SUCCESS
1.4
2.1
Copyright 2013 © WSCAP Washington State Apprentice Program
BACTERIOLOGY
• Bacteriology is the science that deals with the study
of microorganisms called bacteria.
• Bacteria are minute, one-celled microorganisms that
are found nearly everywhere.
– Bacteria are prominent in dust, dirt, refuse, and diseased
tissues.
– Bacteria are also known as germs or microbes.
– Bacteria can exist almost anywhere.
– Bacteria can only be seen through a microscope.
– 1,500 rod-shaped bacteria will fit on the head of a pin.
TWO TYPES OF BACTERIA
NONPATHOGENIC
PATHOGENIC
• These are helpful or harmless.  These are harmful.
• They have useful functions:
 Disease-producing
– Decompose refuse
 When invading plant or
– Improve soil fertility
animal tissue
– Help metabolize food
– Protect against
 Parasites require living matter
microorganisms
for their growth.
– Stimulate immune response
• Saprophytes are nonpathogenic
bacteria that live on dead matter
and do not produce disease.
THREE GENERAL FORMS OF
BACTERIA
•
Cocci
– round shape
•
Bacilli
– rod shape
•
Spirilla
– spiral
– corkscrew shape
COCCI
•
•
•
•
Are round-shaped
Appear singly or in groups
Rarely show active mobility or
movement
Transmitted via air, dust, or in
substances in which they settle
COCCI
– Staphylococci
• are pus-forming.
• grow in bunches or clusters.
• cause abscesses, pustules, and boils.
– Streptococci
• are pus-forming.
• grow in chains.
• cause infections such as strep throat and blood poisoning.
– Diplococci
• grow in pairs.
• cause pneumonia.
BACILLI and SPIRILLA
Bacilli
– are short, rod-shaped
bacteria.
– are the most common
type bacteria.
– produce diseases such
as:
• tetanus.
• influenza.
• typhoid fever.
• tuberculosis.
• diphtheria.
Spirilla
 are spiral or corkscrewshaped bacteria.
 are subdivided into several
groups:

Treponema pallida
causes syphilis (STD).

Borrelia burgdorferi
causes Lyme disease.
MOVEMENT OF BACTERIA
•
Cocci rarely show active
movement.
•
Bacilli and spirilla
– are both motile.
– use slender, hair-like
extensions for locomotion—
flagella and cilia make a
whip-like motion that moves
the bacteria in liquid.
GROWTH AND
REPRODUCTION
• Bacteria generally consist of an outer
cell wall and internal protoplasm.
• Bacteria
– manufacture their own food.
– give off waste products.
– grow and reproduce.
TWO PHASES IN LIFE CYCLE
• Active or vegetative stage
• Inactive or spore-forming stage
ACTIVE OR VEGETATIVE
PHASE
• Bacteria thrive in a warm, moist, dark, and dirty
environment.
• Bacteria take about 20 to 30 minutes to reach full
growth.
• When bacteria reach their largest size, they divide
into two new cells.
– This division is called mitosis.
– The new cells are called daughter cells.
INACTIVE OR SPOREFORMING PHASE
• Anthrax and tetanus bacilli form spherical spores with tough outer
coating makes them resistant to adverse conditions.
• Dormant bacteria can withstand long periods without food.
• Spores can be blown about and come to rest on surfaces within the
salon.
• When favorable conditions are restored, the spores become active
or vegetative and begin to grow and reproduce again.
• Bacteria in the inactive stage can ultimately be a threat to spread
disease or infection in the salon.
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
• An infection occurs when body tissues are
invaded by disease-causing or pathogenic
bacteria.
• The presence of pus is a sign of infection.
• Pus is a fluid product of inflammation and
contains white blood cells and the debris of
dead cells, tissue elements, and bacteria.
LOCAL INFECTION
• A local infection is confined to a single area.
– Pimple
– Boil
– Infected cut
• Presence of pus is a sign of infection.
• Staphylococci are the most common pus-forming
bacteria.
GENERAL INFECTION
• Pathogenic bacteria and their toxins are
carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the
body.
• Blood poisoning and syphilis are two
well-known examples.
CONTAGIOUS OR
COMMUNICABLE INFECTIONS
• Disease spread by one
person to another
• Through direct or indirect
contact such as
– coughing
– sneezing
– unclean hands
– unclean implements
– open sores
– common drinking cups or
common towels, etc.

Common contagious diseases
preventing cosmetologists
from working are
 tuberculosis.
 colds.
 ringworm.
 scabies.
 head lice.
 viral infections.
DID YOU KNOW?
• A rod-shaped bacteria called Mycobacterium fortuitum
furunculosis was long thought to be harmless.
• This bacteria is now causing concern in California.
• In 2000, this bacteria caused infection in over 100 clients who
received pedicures in the same salon.
• The infection caused stubborn, ugly sores that lingered for
months, required the use of strong antibiotics and in some
cases caused scarring.
• The source of infection was traced to the salon’s whirlpool
foot spas.
DID YOU KNOW?
 Failure to follow the manufacturer’s cleaning
instructions left built-up debris and created the
perfect breeding ground for the normally harmless
bacteria.
 The outbreak proved to be expensive and hard to
treat and created a need for a regulatory change in
the industry.
 The salon owner’s license was revoked.
• Foot spa chlorination is now recommended.
VIRUSES
• Are submicroscopic structures capable of
infesting almost all plants, animals, and
bacteria
• Can pass through the pores of a porcelain
filter
VIRUSES
• Cause common colds and other
respiratory and gastrointestinal
infections, including:
– Measles
– Mumps
– Chicken pox
– Smallpox
– Rabies
– Yellow fever
– Polio
– Influenza
– HIV (AIDS)



Live by penetrating cells
Are resistant to antibiotics
Vaccination will help prevent;
however, not available for all
viruses
HEPATITIS
• Hepatitis is a disease marked by
inflammation of the liver and caused by a
bloodborne virus similar to HIV in
transmission.
• This virus is present in all body fluids.
• Types of hepatitis include:
– Hepatitis A.
– Hepatitis B (HBV).
– Hepatitis C (HCV).
HEPATITIS A
•
•
•
•
Illness lasts about three weeks.
Symptoms are similar to flu symptoms.
Adults often have yellowing of skin or the eyes
The disease is spread through
– close contact.
– poor sanitation and poor personal hygiene.
– contaminated food, milk, water, and shellfish.
– infected food handlers.
– sexual contact.
• A vaccine is available.
HEPATITIS B (HBV)
• This illness can cause long-term hepatitis,
cirrhosis, and/or liver cancer.
• There may be flu-like symptoms or no symptoms
at all.
• The disease is primarily transmitted through
sexual contact or parenteral exposure (piercing
mucous membranes or skin barrier) to blood or
blood products.
• A vaccine is available.
HEPATITIS C (HCV)
• Progresses slowly, and about one third of
those with the illness show no symptoms
• Symptoms:
– Fatigue
– Stomach pain
• Also transferred through parenteral contact
and sexual activity with infected partners
• No vaccine
HIV/AIDS
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus
that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome).
• AIDS breaks down the body’s immune system.
• One can be infected for 11 years without symptoms.
• A person may be HIV-positive and transmitting the
disease without even knowing it.
HIV/AIDS
• HIV is passed through blood and body fluids through
– unprotected sexual contact.
– sharing of iv needles with infected drug users.
– accidents with needles in health care facilities.
– cuts and sores.
• HIV is NOT transmitted by
– Holding hands.
– hugging.
– kissing.
– sharing food or household items such as telephones or toilet seats.
• There are no documented cases of the virus being transmitted by food
handlers, insects, or casual contact.
HOW PATHOGENS ENTER THE
BODY
• Break in the skin—a cut, pimple, or scratch
• Mouth—by breathing or swallowing air,
water, or food
• Nose—air
• Eyes or ears—dirt
• Unprotected sex
HOW BODY FIGHTS
INFECTION
• Unbroken skin
• Body secretions such as perspiration and
digestive juices
• White blood cells
• Antitoxins
Remember: Infections can be prevented
and controlled through personal hygiene and
public sanitation.
BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS
• These are disease-causing bacteria or
viruses that are carried through the body in
the blood or body fluids.
• They are passed through contaminated
implements.
• Take extra precautions for disinfecting
implements anytime there is the presence of
blood.
PARASITES
• Parasites are vegetable or animal organisms that live in or on
(and draw nourishment from) other living organisms.
• Parasites are responsible for contagious diseases.
• A parasite carried by a mosquito causes malaria.
• Insects carrying diseases from one person to another are known
as disease vectors.
• Contagious diseases caused by parasites are never treated
in a cosmetology school or salon; refer the client to a
physician.
VEGETABLE PARASITES OR
FUNGI
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Molds, mildews, and yeasts (fungi)
can produce contagious skin
diseases such as
– ringworm.
– favus.
Nail fungus can be contracted
through implements that have not
been disinfected properly or by
moisture trapped under nail
enhancements.
Nail fungus is chronic and usually
localized but can be spread to
other nails, and from client to
client.
HEAD LICE
• A skin disease caused by
an infestation of head lice
is called pediculosis
capitis.
• Head lice are called
pediculosis.
SCABIES
• Scabies is a contagious
skin disease that is
caused by the itch mite.
• The itch mite burrows
under skin and causes
scabies.
IMMUNITY
Immunity is the body’s ability to fight off or resist
infections and disease, and to destroy bacteria
that have entered the body.
NATURAL IMMUNITY
• An inborn ability to resist certain diseases
• Partly inherited and partly developed through hygienic
living
• Helpful factors:
– Proper rest
– Exercise
– Wholesome diet
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
• The body acquires immunity after it has
overcome a disease or through inoculation.
• The disease or inoculation causes the blood
cells to produce antibodies, which are
proteins that fight disease germs.
• Acquired immunity may be temporary or
permanent.
HUMAN DISEASE CARRIER
• A carrier is personally immune to a disease
but can transmit germs to others.
• Typhoid fever and diphtheria can be
transmitted this way.
PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION
• Proper care must be taken to meet rigorous
health standards in order to prevent the
spread of disease.
• Clients depend on us to ensure their safety.
CONTAMINATION
– To contaminate is to make impure by contact; to
taint or pollute.
– A contaminant is any substance that causes
contamination.
DECONTAMINATION
• Decontamination is the removal of pathogens
and other substances from tools or surfaces
by
–
–
–
sterilization.
disinfection.
sanitation.
• Only sanitation and disinfection are required
in the salon.
STERILIZATION
• Is the highest level of decontamination
• Destroys every organism on surface whether
beneficial or harmful
• Kills bacterial spores
STERILIZATION
• Includes:
– Steam autoclave
• is most popular.
• works like a pressure cooker.
• injects steam to raise temperature above that of boiling
water.
• will eventually kill all living organisms, including bacterial
spores.
– Dry Heat
• works like an oven.
• bakes objects until all forms of life are dead.
IMPORTANT POINT
• Use the word “sterilize” correctly.
• You can only sterilize nonporous surfaces such as
metal implements.
• You cannot sterilize the skin or nails.
• Sterilization is impractical and unnecessary in salons.
DISINFECTION
• Controls microorganisms on hard nonporous surfaces such as
instruments or implements
• Is a higher level of decontamination than sanitation
• Is second only to sterilization
• Does not kill bacterial spores
• Is NOT for human skin, hair, nails
• Always follow manufacturers’ directions.
– Products that are developed to be safe may be dangerous if
used incorrectly.
– Disinfectants must be used in strict accordance with directions.
EPA
• Environmental Protection Agency
• Disinfectants must be approved by the EPA in
your state:
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Product label must contain EPA registration number.
Label lists organisms the product has been tested for.
Label gives directions for use.
Label lists safety precautions.
Label lists active ingredients.
AN EFFICACY LABEL
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•
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The EPA-approved disinfectant
label must have a registration
number.
The number ensures that the
disinfectant has proven effective
against certain organisms.
The label will tell you exactly
which organisms the disinfectant
has been tested for, such as
– HIV-1.
– Hepatitis B virus.
MSDS
• Material Safety Data Sheets
• Federal law requires manufacturers to provide
you with important information such as
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directions for use.
safety precautions.
list of active ingredients.
content.
associated hazards.
combustion levels.
storage requirements.
SAMPLE MSDS
OSHA
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA was created as part of the U.S. Department of Labor.
OSHA enforces safety and health standards in the workplace.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 established the
Hazard Communication Rule that requires manufacturers to
assess hazards associated with their products.
• OSHA standards are important to cosmetology because of the
nature of the chemicals used.
CHOOSING A DISINFECTANT
• Disinfectants are chemicals.
• We must read and follow directions.
• Efficacy means effectiveness against
bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
HOSPITAL-GRADE
DISINFECTANT
• This disinfectant must be pseudomonacidal,
bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal.
• Effective February 28, 1997, OSHA’s
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard requires use
of EPA-registered tuberculocidal disinfectant
OR an EPA-registered disinfectant labeled as
effective against HIV-1 and HBV.
HOSPITAL-GRADE
DISINFECTANT
• If school and/or salon implements come into
contact with blood or body fluids, they must
be cleaned and completely immersed in an
EPA-registered disinfectant that kills HIV-1
and HBV, or in a tuberculocidal disinfectant.
• The National Interstate Council of State
Cosmetology Boards (NICS) follows this
standard for testing as well.
PROPER USE OF
DISINFECTANTS
• Clean implements
thoroughly before
immersing.
• Change solutions daily.
• Completely submerge
implements for proper
disinfection.
ULTRASONIC BATH
• High-frequency sound
waves create powerful,
cleansing bubbles in the
liquid that clean tiny
crevices impossible to
reach with a brush.
TYPES OF DISINFECTANTS
•
•
•
•
•
Quats
Phenols
Alcohol
Bleach
Household cleaners
QUATS
•
•
•
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Quaternary ammonium compounds
Quats are nontoxic, odorless, and fast-acting.
Most disinfect in 10 to 15 minutes.
Long-term exposure may damage fine steel;
oil metal implements regularly.
• Quats are effective for cleaning surfaces.
PHENOLS
• Phenolic disinfectants
• Phenols are caustic poisons, but are safe and effective if
used properly.
• They may soften and discolor certain rubber and plastic.
• A 5% solution is used most often for metal implements.
• Avoid skin contact—phenols can cause skin irritation,
and concentrated phenols can seriously burn skin and
eyes.
• Keep out of reach of children; some phenols are
poisonous if ingested.
ALCOHOL
•
•
•
•
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Methyl alcohol is not used in salons.
Ethyl alcohol needs to be no less than 70% to be effective.
Isopropyl alcohol must be 99% to be effective.
Alcohols are not EPA-registered as disinfectants.
They are not permitted for use with implements in states
requiring hospital-grade disinfection.
• Disadvantages:
– They are extremely flammable.
– They evaporate quickly.
– They are slow-acting, less effective.
– They corrode tools and dull sharp edges.
– Vapors can cause headaches and nausea.
HOUSEHOLD BLEACH AND
CLEANERS
• BLEACH—sodium hypochlorite (household bleach)
– Effective as a disinfectant but not tested for
disinfection of salon implements
– Effective as a laundering additive
• OTHER HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS
– Other household cleaners can be effective
disinfectants but should not be used on salon
implements.
DISINFECTANT SAFETY
• Disinfectants are hazardous if used incorrectly.
• Some are poisonous if ingested.
• Some may cause skin and eye damage.
– Wear gloves and safety glasses.
– Add disinfectant to water; never add water to disinfectant.
– Use tongs, gloves, or draining basket when removing
implements from disinfectants.
– Keep them away from children.
– Do not pour quats, phenols, etc. over your hands.
– Carefully weigh and measure products.
– Never place anything in unmarked containers.
– Always follow manufacturer’s recommendations.
CAUTIONS
• Formalin (formaldehyde) is not safe for salon use.
• Formalin may cause cancer.
• Formalin is poisonous when inhaled and is extremely
irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs; it can
cause allergies.
• Electric or bead “sterilizers” do NOT sterilize.
• For dry heat to effectively sterilize, the entire
implement including handle is submerged in an EPAregistered disinfectant solution and then heated to
325°F for at least 30 minutes.
DISINFECTION
PROCEDURES
IMPLEMENTS
• Preclean to remove hair, filings,
and other loose matter by
scrubbing with soap and water.
• Rinse thoroughly and pat dry.
• Wear gloves and/or safety
glasses.
• Mix solution by following
directions.
• Use gloves and tongs to
immerse and remove
implements.
• Rinse thoroughly; air-dry.
• Place in clean container.
DISINFECTION PROCEDURES
• Linens and capes—launder and bleach
according to label directions.
• Electrical equipment—wipe and spray with
EPA-registered, hospital-grade, tuberculocidal
disinfectant created for electrical equipment.
• Work surfaces—use EPA-registered
disinfectant.
WHIRLPOOL FOOT SPAS
• Drain water and remove all
foreign matter.
• Clean surfaces and walls with
soap; rinse with clean, clear
water.
• Disinfect with EPA-registered
disinfectant.
• Rinse and wipe dry with clean
towel.
• At end of each day, remove
screen and remove trapped
debris.
WHIRLPOOL FOOT SPAS
• Wash screen and inlet with soap and chlorine solutions.
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Immerse in EPA-registered disinfectant.
Flush system with low-sudsing soap and water for 10 minutes.
Rinse, drain, and let air-dry.
Every two weeks:
 Fill with 5 gallons of water and 4 tsps of 5% bleach solution.
 Circulate solution through system for 5 to 10 minutes.
 Let solution sit overnight (6 to 10 hours).
 Drain and flush.
BLOOD SPILL DISINFECTION
 Stop service and clean injured area.
 Apply antiseptic or spray styptic.
 Cover injury with bandage or other appropriate
dressing.
 Use finger guard or gloves as needed.
 Clean client and workstation.
 Discard of all disposable contaminated objects by
double-bagging.
 Deposit sharp disposables in a sharps box.
 Wash hands with soap and warm water.
 Disinfect all tools contaminated with blood or body
fluids by complete immersion in an EPA-registered
disinfectant that kills HIV-1 and HBV, or in a
tuberculocidal disinfectant.
OPEN SORES OR WOUNDS
• Never touch an open sore or wound.
• Refer your client to a physician.
• If a cut occurs, after properly disinfecting all
implements and surfaces, seal contaminated
wipes or cotton balls in a plastic bag before
disposing.
• Wash your hands thoroughly.
DISPENSARY
• Keep the dispensary clean and orderly.
• Clearly label all containers.
• Maintain an MSDS on all chemicals.
HANDLING DISPOSABLES
• Place in closed container.
• Double-bag anything that comes in contact with
blood and mark the bag with a biohazard sticker.
• Use puncture-proof containers for sharp
instruments.
SANITATION
• Lowest level of decontamination
• To sanitize is to:
– “significantly reduce the number of pathogens
or disease-producing organisms found on a
surface.”
– clean with soaps or detergents.
MOLD AND MILDEW
• Mold is a fungus growth that usually grows in dark,
damp places.
• Mildew is a moldy coating produced by fungi and can
appear on walls, fabrics, and the like.
• Spores carry toxins that cause allergic reactions and
sickness.
• Dirt on surfaces provides nutrients for mold.
• Proper sanitation prevents growth.
• Avoid use of bar soaps in salons; pump-type liquids
are safer.
WASHING HANDS
• Wet your hands with warm water.
• Use liquid soap and scrub hands together for 15 to
20 seconds.
• Give attention to areas between fingers, nails, both
sides of hands, and exposed portions of arms.
• Rinse well with warm water.
• Dry with disposable paper towel or air blower.
• Do not use cloth towels.
CAUTION
• Hand-washing is the single most effective
measure for reducing the spread of infectious
disease.
• Be aware that antibacterial soap may not kill
more germs than regular soap and water, and
can be harmful in that it can leave the skin
vulnerable to skin problems such as eczema.
ANTISEPTICS
• Can kill, retard, or prevent the growth of
bacteria, but are not classified as
disinfectants
• Are weaker than disinfectants and are safe
for use on the skin
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
• OSHA sets the standards that must be used in the industry for
dealing with bloodborne pathogens.
• Universal Precautions are a set of guidelines and controls
published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC).
• Guidelines require the employer and employee to assume that
all human blood and specified human body fluids are infectious
for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.
• Clients who are infected with Hepatitis B or other bloodborne
pathogens are often asymptomatic (show no symptoms).
PRECAUTIONS
•
Hand-washing
•
Wearing gloves
•
Using personal protective
equipment such as goggles
•
Injury prevention
•
Proper handling and disposal of
needles, sharp instruments, and
products contaminated by blood or
other body fluids
THE PROFESSIONAL IMAGE
•
SALON GUIDELINES
 Deposit waste in self-closing
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receptacle.
Mop floor and vacuum daily.
Control dust.
Keep windows, screens, and
curtains clean.
Clean fans, vents, and humidifiers
regularly.
Sweep floors after each client.
Keep work areas well lighted.
Keep hot and cold running water.
SALON GUIDELINES
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Keep restrooms clean and tidy.
Maintain toilet tissue, paper towels, and pump soap.
Clean sinks and water fountains regularly.
Provide disposable drinking cups.
Keep salon free of insects and rodents.
Never use salon area for cooking or living quarters.
Never store food with salon products.
Keep service areas free of food, drink, and smoke.
Empty waste receptacles daily.
SALON GUIDELINES
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Properly mark containers.
Keep exteriors of containers clean.
Do not place tools in your mouth or pockets.
Avoid touching your face, mouth, or eyes during
services.
Use only freshly laundered linens.
Disinfect all surfaces between client services.
Do not allow pets or animals except trained service
animals.
Use an air purification system.
YOUR PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY
• Learn your state rules regarding sanitation
and client safety.
• Never take shortcuts in sanitation or
disinfection.
• Put client and personal safety first at all times.
SUMMARY
• The state regulatory agency and local health board require that
businesses serving the public follow certain sanitary
precautions.
• Contagious diseases, skin infections, and blood poisoning are
caused either by infectious bacteria transmitted from one
individual to another or by the use of unsanitary implements.
• Protecting both yourself and your clients from infections or
disease is critical to success in your salon.
• It is essential to follow Universal Precautions.
• Do not take shortcuts when it comes to sanitation and
disinfection.