Transcript Metabolism - TeacherWeb

Taxonomy Review
• Explain the role
of bacteria as
decomposers.
• Bacteria break
down dead
organisms and
recycle the
nutrients back
into the soil.
It’s the Great Circle
of Life Simba!
How do archaebacteria differ from eubacteria?
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
• Live in harsh climates
• Mostly autotrophic
• Don’t have complex cell
walls
• Live just about
everywhere
• Can be either autotrophic
(cyanobacteria) or
heterotrophic.
• Have complex cell walls
– Methanogens
– Halophiles
– Thermophiles
• Name two ways in which bacteria can be
helpful to living things? Name two ways they
can cause harm to living things?
Helpful:
1. First line of defense against
bad bacteria
2. We use it in food (yogurt)
3. Bacteria in our intestines
helps to make vitamins and
aids in digestion.
4. Recycles nutrients in the
environment.
Harmful:
1. Bacteria can make you
sick
2. Bacteria can give off
acids which are harmful
to teeth and bones.
3. Bacteria can give off
gases which can harm
the environment
• List 4 characteristics of bacteria.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
They’re small
They reproduce quickly
They live everywhere
Prokaryotic
They can move
They can be either
autotrophic or heterotrophic
7. They have cell walls made
of peptidoglycan.
What is used to fight bacterial infections? What
is used to prevent viruses?
• Bacteria  Antibiotic
• Virus  Vaccine
• An antibiotic is a chemical substance derivable from
a mold or bacterium that kills bacterial
microorganisms curing bacterial infections.
What is immunity?
• Immunity is the body's ability to fight off
harmful micro-organisms –PATHOGENS- that
invade it.
• The immune system produces antibodies or
cells that can deactivate pathogens.
• Fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses are all
potential pathogens.
What is an infectious disease?
• An infectious disease is one in which minute
organisms, invisible to the naked eye, invade
and multiply within the body.
• Many of these organisms are contagious, that
is they spread between people in close
contact.
•Active Immunity occurs when when
one makes his/her own antibodies. This
type of immunity is long term.
•Getting the disease : If you get an
infectious disease (like Chicken
Pox), often times, that stimulates the
production of MEMORY cells which
are then stored to prevent the
infection in the future.
Vaccination: A vaccination is an injection of a
weakened form of the actual antigen that causes
the disease. The injection is too weak to make
you sick, but your B lymphocytes will recognize
the antigen and react as if it were the "real thing".
Thus, you produce MEMORY cells for long term
immunity. This provides acquired active immunity
Passive Immunity occurs when the
antibodies come from some other source.
This type of immunity is short term.
Breastmilk : Milk
from a mother's
breast contains
antibodies. The
baby is acquiring
passive
immunity. These
antibodies will
only last several
weeks.
Gamma Globulin: A Gamma Globulin
injection provides passive immunity. It is
purely an injection of antibodies that gives
temporary immunity. You might receive an
Gamma Globulin shot if you travel outside
of the country.
Define autotrophic and heterotrophic. Define
eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Define unicellular
and multicellular.
• Autotrophic – makes it’s own energy, Heterotrophic gets energy from someplace else.
• Eukaryotic – has a nucleus, Prokaryotic – no nucleus.
• Unicellular – 1 cell, Multicellular – many cells
What shapes do bacteria come in?
Shapes of Bacteria:
coccus
coccus
coccus
How do bacteria reproduce?
Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary
fission or……………………….
• Bacteria can reproduce sexually by conjugation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AnlhAYv_I0
36.4oC
• An experiment was
performed to
determine the effect
of temperature on the
reproduction rate of
some disease-causing
viruses .
• The results are shown
on the table below.
• At what temperature
did the virus reach its
highest reproduction
rate?
Give three reasons why viruses are not considered
living? What do viruses need in order to reproduce?
1. They have no cell parts.
2. They are not made of
cells.
3. They do not grow and
develop.
4. They do not respond to
their environment.
• THEY NEED A HOST in
order to reproduce!
Dead or weakened virus…
According to the passage, what is the major
component of modern vaccines?
Correctly draw and label the stages of viral
reproduction
The Lytic Cycle
The Lysogenic Cycle
Name something that both a living cell and a
virus have in common?
• DNA or RNA
Influenza (Flu)
• Viruses can be
transmitted in a variety
of ways.
• The virus that causes the
common cold can be
transmitted when an
infected person cough or
sneezes.
• This virus is transmitted
in a manner most similar
to what other viral
disease?
• People infected with the
human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) have an
increased risk of dying from
secondary infections.
• Explain how HIV increases
the danger of secondary
infections?
HIV causes the immune
system to lose it’s ability
to fight off infection.
People with AIDS often
get sick from simple
things like a cold or a
cough that can turn into
something worse
because there is no
immune system to fight
it off.
• HIV doesn’t target just any cell, it goes right for the
cells that want to kill it. “Helper" T cells are HIV's
primary target. These cells help direct the immune
system's response to various pathogens.
Biology March 20
• Shark Key
• Taxonomy Quiz II
• Micro Lab
• Small but deadly
Bacteria notes
• Define taxonomy.
• The science of naming organisms based on similar
characteristics.
• Explain binomial nomenclature.
• The 2-name naming system created by Linneus
• Give an example of a scientific name (make sure you
write it correctly).
• Felis concolor
• Why do we use scientific names instead of common
names?
• So that scientists from around with world have one
name to identify an organism. There are A LOT of
common names; but only 1 scientific name.
Correctly label the following pictures
• Prokaryote/
Bacteria
• Virus
• Plant Cell/
Eukaryote
• Animal Cell/
Eukaryote
Which organism in the chart below is the least related
to the other organisms?
Which organisms are the most closely related?
Least Related?
A and everyone else…
Most Closely
Related?
B and C
• The scientific name of
the a mountain lion is
Felis concolor and a
house cat is Felis catus.
Based on the names,
you can tell that these
two animals belong to
the same…
• Same genus, different
species.
From broadest to
most specific,
what are the 8
taxon groups?
List the Six Kingdoms
• Know the basic characteristics of each of the six kingdoms.
•multicellular,
•true nucleus,
•possess cell walls,
•must obtain food,
•representative organisms
•include mushrooms and yeast?
•Example: Correctly identify the kingdom whose members
exhibit these traits:
•Multicellular eukaryotes that are usually mobile and obtain food
from other organisms probably belong to what kingdom?
The 6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Organisms: Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles,
Environment: Extreme or Harsh places
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Metabolism: Depending on species - oxygen, hydrogen,
carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide may be needed for metabolism.
Nutrition : Depending on species - nutrition intake may by
absorption, or chemosynthesis.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission
Cell walls WITHOUT Peptidoglycan
Mobility: mobile with cilia and flagella
Eubacteria
• Organisms: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria(blue-green algae),
Actinobacteria
• Environment – everywhere!
• Cell Type: Prokaryotic
• Metabolism: Depending on species - oxygen may be toxic,
tolerated, or needed for metabolism.
• Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition intake
may by absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis.
• Reproduction: Asexual reproduction, binary fission and
conjugation.
• Cell Walls with PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• Mobility: mobile with cilia and flagella
Protista
• Organisms: Amoebae, green algae, brown
algae, diatoms, euglena, slime molds
• Cell Type: Eukaryotic
• Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for
metabolism.
• Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on
species - nutrition intake may be by
absorption, photosynthesis, or ingestion.
• Reproduction: Mostly asexual
reproduction. Meiosis occurs in some
species.
• Mobility: Mobile with cilia, flagella and
cytoplasmic streaming.
Fungi
• Organisms: Mushrooms, yeast, molds
• Cell Type: Eukaryotic
• Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for
metabolism.
• Nutrition : Absorption – dead or
decomposing matter
• Reproduction: Asexual or sexual
reproduction occur.
• Cell walls with CHITIN
• Mobility: Sessile
Plant
• Organisms: Mosses, angiosperms
(flowering plants), gymnosperms,
liverworts, ferns
• Cell Type: Eukaryotic
• Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for
metabolism.
• Nutrition :
Photosynthesis/autotrophic
• Reproduction: Some species
reproduce asexually by mitosis.
Other species exhibit sexual
reproduction.
• Cell Walls with CELLULOSE
• Mobility: Sessile
Animal
• Organisms: Mammals, amphibians,
sponges, insects, worms
• Cell Type: Eukaryotic
• Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for
metabolism.
• Nutrition : Ingestion/heterotrophic
• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction
• Movement: mobile and sessile species