Transcript Preparatory Pharmacy Presentation (Kingdoms 2009)

Principales of Plant systematic
Classification:•
Grouping of living things are sorted into groups
to order them.
History of classification:
•Aristotle (384-322BC) divided the living world into 2
kingdoms (Plants & animals) and persisted for over 2000
years (Binomial classification).
•Hogg and Haeckel (1860) in the 19th contury added a
third kingdom with no tissues and named it Protista
(bacteria & Algae and Fungi).
•Copeland (1938) divided kingdom Protista into 2
kingdoms: (1) Monera (unicellular prokaryotic =
bacteria): (2) Protista (Algae + Fungi).
Five-kingdom classification:•
Wittaker (1969) suggested (The five-kingdom
Classification scheme).
He divided living organisms into five kingadoms:
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
This five kingdoms Classification includes three
kingdoms:
(1) feed by photosynthesis (Kingdom Plantae),
(2) Food swallowing (Kingdom Animalia),
(3) food absorption from the media (Kingdom Fungi);
in addition to another two kingedom,
(4) Kingdom Monera (Prokaryotic) and
(5) kingdom Protista (eukaryotic).
Classification of living organisms into five kingdoms
according differences in their characters,
Kingdom
Character
The cell
Shape
Nutrition
motion
Monera
Prokaryotic
One cell
Heterotrophic
Some of them
move by flagella
Protista
Eukaryotic
Mostly one
cell
Autophototrophic
Some of them
move by flagella
or cillia
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Immobile
Plantae
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autophototrophic
Immobile
Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic as
food swallowing
Movement by
contracted
fibers
N.B.: Viruses are non cellular structures which have living and non living characters;
therefore, they are not enrolled under this classification.
Classification of plant organisms:
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I – Kingdom: Monera
(Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms).
Division: Eubacteriophyta
Class 1: Eubacteriae
Class 2: Cyanobacteriae
I – Kingdom: Fungi
[Eucaryotic thalli do not have chlorophyll (Heterotrophy)]
Division1: Myxomycota
Division2: Eumycota
Class1: Oomycetes
Class2: Zygomycetes
Class3: Ascomycetes
Class4: Basidiomycetes
Class5: Deuteromycetes
Class6: Lichenes (Lichens)
• III – Kingdom: Protista
• [Eukaryotic thalli, mostly contain chlorophyll (Autotrophy)]
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Division1: Euglenophyta (Euglenoids)
Division2: Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
Division3: Chrysophyta (Yellow Green Algae)
Division4: Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
Division5: Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
• VI – Kingdom: Plantae
• (Plants have two stages of life cycles, one of them is called
gametophyte and the second is named sporophyte which carries
spores. Alternation of generation is well kingdom in this kingdom).
• Division1: Bryophyta ‫قسم الحزازيات‬
• Division2: Pterophyta (Ferns)‫قسم التريدات‬
• Division3: Anthophyta (flowering plants)
‫قسم النباتات الزهرية‬
• Class1: Monocotyledonae (Monocots)
• ‫طائفة النباتات ذوات الفلقة الواحدة‬
• Class2: Dicotyledonae (Dicots)
• ‫طائفة النباتات ذوات الفلقتين‬
VIRUSES
Discovery and characteristics:
• Iwanowski (19th centry), pressed some sap from a
diseased tobacco plant into a healthy tobacco plant.
• The healthy plant soon developed signs of a disease
similar to that of the plant from which the sap was
taken.
• The experiment was repeated, but this time the sap
from the diseased plant was passed through a
bacterial filter. The healthy plants inoculated with this
filtered sap also showed signs of the disease of the
original plant. This was a new discovery; a disease
could be transmitted from one plant to another by a
filtered sap that was free of visible living bodies even
when viewed by the most powerful light microscopes.
This means that the sap contains something other
than bacteria that causes the disease.
The Nature of a Virus:•
* Viruses are small particles, less than 0.2 of a micron in diameter.
* obligate parasites.
* Viruses do not possess enzyme systems. Viral constituents are
similar to those of their hosts and viruses may cause the enzyme
systems of the host to synthesize virus materials, rather than
host, materials. Therefore they cannot exist outside of cells.
*Virus particles also exist outside the cells where they may be
considered as non living chemicals. They enter into living cells
where they multiply and mostly causing diseases. Viruses then,
are true infectious agents. Inside the host cell they may become
incorporated in the metabolism of the host cell and be transmitted
from one cell to another.
* In many cases the presence of a virus in a host cell may protect
it against infection with similar virus a phenomenon known as
(cross protection).
* They exist in various shapes such as spherical particles, brick
shaped particles or as more complicated structures. They cannot
be classified by their morphology as we do many living
organisms.