Transcript Animal Health - EVA Knowledgebase

SEEP AND GOAT HEALTH
AND DISEASE CONTROL
Part I
Ethiopia sheep and goat productivity improvement program
1. Introduction
Economic losses attributed to animal diseases:
• Direct losses:
• Mortality productive animals (e.g. PPR, CCPP etc.)
• annual loss of 4-16% of sheep and 11-13% of goat
population
• Decreased Productivity (Milk yield, body weight
gain..
• Decreased Reproductive performance (infertility,
abortion, stillbirth…)
• Reduced quality/value of products (e.g. skin)
• Loss of Market
Aggregate annual economic loss from animal
diseases estimated at US$ 150 million
Introduction Cont’d…
Indirect losses:
• Cost of prevention/ control (Vaccination,
treatment, Quarantine).
• Endanger public health - Zoonotic and food borne
infections
• Suboptimal exploitation of resources through
forced adoption production methods - e.g. use of
trypanotolerant breeds with low milk production.
• Ban from international markets in the case of BSE,
FMD etc.
Economic cost of diseases = output losses +
control expenditures
Introduction Cont’d…
Disease problems are reflected with signs and
symptoms of illness
Many diseases can show similar symptoms
One should not expect to find out the exact
cause of disease as:
 most require well-equipped laboratories and
skilled personnel
2. Diseases and Disease
determinants
Disease: Disturbance in the
function of the whole body
of the host or any of its
parts
Classification of diseases
Diseases can be classified in many ways:
A. based on causes:










Infectious diseases: caused by living agents:
Parasitic diseases
Bacterial diseases
Viral diseases
Fungal diseases
Non infectious diseases:
Mechanical injuries,
nutritional deficiencies,
poisoning,
genetic disorder…
B. Based on transmission
 Contagious: Infectious disease Transmitted by
passage of infectious agent from animal to animal.
Non contagious: the agent can not be
transmitted from animal to animal.
Disease determinants
Definition: Any factor that can affect
frequency of disease occurrence in a
population
Types:
 Intrinsic - physical or physiological
characteristics of the host or agent
 Extrinsic- External to the host
The agent is the factor that causes the disease.
Living agents – such as viruses, bacteria,
ricketsia protozoa, helminth, arthropods etc.
Non living agents – such as heat, cold, water,
nutrients toxic substances etc.
Diseases cannot occur in the absence of the
agent (except for non-infectious diseases)
Intrinsic Determinants
Agent as determinant (cont’d…)
• However, presence of an agent may not
necessarily cause a disease. Depends on:
Infectivity: The ability of a disease causing
agent to establish itself in a host
Virulence: A measure of the severity of a
disease caused by a specified agent
Pathogenicity : ability of an agent of known
virulence to produce disease in a range of
hosts under a range of environmental
conditions.
Hosts as disease determinants
The host is the animal or human that may
contract a disease.
The main intrinsic determinants in the host
which can influence the frequency of
occurrence of infection/disease are:
 species;
Breed / genetic makeup;
Sex;
Age.
Species:
Most disease agents are capable of infecting a
range of animal species.
Severity of the disease may vary between
species.
 Certain host species may be refractory to
infections with certain disease agents while others
are more susceptible e.g..
Equine refractory to FMD virus which is serious in
swine;
Rinderpest - fatal in cattle, mild in sheep;
Dogs do not develop heartwater.
Breed:
Wide ranges of susceptibility to a particular
disease often observed between different breeds
e.g.
certain breeds of cattle, horse, sheep, and
goats more tolerant to trypanosomiasis.
Sex:
 A disease may be associated with
sexual attributes
Age: Differences in susceptibility often seen
among different age groups e.g.
 Many bacterial /viral diseases more fatal in
young animals compared to adults.
can be due to absence of acquired
immunity or low immunological host
response.
Young animals resistant to tick borne
diseases
Vectors and intermediate hosts
 Intermediate hosts: a host in which the agent
undergoes asexual phase of its development
e.g. Snails
 Vector: An invertebrate animal that actively
transmits an infectious agent from an infected
host to a susceptible host
Vectors & intermediate hosts Cont’d…
Vectors could transmit diseases Biologically
or Mechanically
Mechanical vector – is an arthropod that
physically carries the agent to the host,
here, the agent does not multiply and
develop in the vector.
Biological vectors – are arthropods in
which the infectious agent undergoes a
necessary cycle of development in the
vector. E.g Mosquitoes-malaria
 The environment includes:
Surroundings: location, climate and
husbandry;
 conditions either within the host or
external to it, that cause or allow disease
transmission to occur.
Effect of the environment :
weaken the host and increase its
susceptibility to disease;
provide conditions that favor the survival
of the agent.
Climate:
Temperature:
 can act as a stressor.
 Low temperatures
Hypothermia in the new born;
reduces efficiency of digestion- infectious enteritis.
Solar radiation- affects survival of the agent
through dessiccation.
Humidity:
 affects the stability of infectious agents;
 Impairment of clearing mechanism of respiratory
organism leads to flare up of Respiratory diseases.
Wind: carries infectious agents ( e.g. FMD virus)
Husbandry:
Housing:
Type of floor (Concrete, bedding materials etc.) & slope:
Drainage- development of infectious agents;
affects the locomotory organs (feet).
High densities increase the challenge of
microbial pathogens & transmission
Diet:
Nutrient deficiency diseases;
Affects resistance to diseases.
Mode of Disease
transmission
Direct
Susceptible
host
Infected host
Indirect
Vector
Contact transmission:
Horizontal (Between the same generation of hosts).
Vertical (Between different generation of host, dam
to off spring).
Vehicular transmission
Agent transferred through inanimate
substances/ objects, fomites, Water, Feed
stuffs, Bedding materials etc.
ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
Route of entry - site at which the agent enters the host
1. Oral route – occurs by ingestion of infectious
agents through mechanical vector (fomites) like
water and food stuffs .
2. Respiratory route –agent acquired via this route
usually associated with organic materials like
mucous, dust. e.g. TB, Pasteurollosis,
 more likely to occur when:
 High population density;
high humidity; and
 poor ventilation
3. Uro-genital tract: Sexually transmitted
diseases e.g. Brucellosis
4. Percutaneous route (Skin, Cornea, Mucus
membrane) - by direct contact with infected
animals. e.g. Ectoparasites, Ringworms
 Intact skin - effective barrier against
majority of infectious agents.
 Tick bites - entrance of tick born disease
causative agents.
 Bites of mammals- entrance of e.g. rabies
virus.
3. METHODS OF DISEASE
CONTROL AND
PREVENTION

Preventative health care
Biosecurity
Quarantine
Movement control
Vaccination program
Parasite control
Good management
Good nutrition
Hoof care
Good housing
Breeding resistant animals

Control
 Stamping out
 Disinfection and Chemotherapy
 Vector control
Quarantine
Quarantine: Isolation of animals that are
either infected or suspected or of non infected
animals that are at risk. Used to:
isolate animals imported from countries
where exotic diseases are endemic.
isolate new animals to the herd
Quarantine period depends on:
 the incubation period of the suspect agent
Mostly 21 days
Quarantine Cont’d…
Enclosure - is the method in which the organism/
initiating factor is enclosed and prevented from
getting out.
 Quarantine line could be:
- Fences
- Natural barriers
Vaccination
Vaccination : - means of producing immunity
to a disease by using vaccines
Immunity: The body’s ability to resist
infection by the presence of circulating
antibodies and white blood cells
Vaccine: a special preparation used to
stimulate development of antibodies thus
confer active immunity against a specific
disease or a number of diseases
Disinfection
1. Physical disinfection
Heat is the most widely used disinfectant
Bunning of infected carcass, especially anthrax
carcass:
burning of carcass best carried out at the
spot, to avoid contamination of the ground
while drugging
If the carcass is to be buried:
the site should be far from rivers and other
water bodies;
The pit should be about 3m deep;
The area should be fenced and not used
for other purpose for at least 6-months
Disinfection Cont’d…
2. Chemical disinfection
The process of cleaning fomites and the
surrounding using chemicals that kill bacteria and
some viruses.
Fomites include farm equipment, surgical
instruments - these can be disinfected to prevent
the transmission of infectious agents.
Disinfectants used:
Quaternary-ammonium compounds - 0.1-
0.5%
Formaldehyde 1-5%
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy: The destruction of agent/s
in/on the animal body using drugs such as:
Antibacterial - against bacteria
Antifungal - against fungal diseases
Anthelmintics - for internal parasites
Acaricides - for external parasites
Equipment commonly used
for drug administration
Balling guns : Used to give boluses, capsules, and
tablets  Place on top of tongue at the back of the mouth and
plunger depressed
Dosing syringe: Used to administer small amounts of
liquids or suspensions
Drencher :
Give liquids or suspensions
A bottle can be used for this procedure
Drug Resistance
Failure of a drug to affect target
micro-organisms.
Causes:
frequent usage of a single drug,
drug abuse (wrong dosage,
handling…)
Disease prevention
 Purchase animals from reputable
sources/dealers
Look at entire herd in addition to
animals being purchased.
Go for physical examination.
Production /reproductive records,
health certificates.
Disease prevention Cont’d…
 Quarantine new animals for sufficient
time 14 – 21d
 Control outside traffic, illegal cross-
boarder trade
 Control birds, rodents, stray animals &
other vectors
Insect vectors can be killed with insecticides.
habitat of the vectors can be destroyed,
e.g. remove snails, flies
Disease prevention Cont’d…

Don’t mix your goats with other goats (or
sheep).

Don’t loan goats/sheep.

Don’t loan equipment.

Limit access to your farm and animals.

Control dog, cat, rodent, fly, and bird
populations
Basic assessment of sheep/goat
health
Normal
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Hungry
Alert
Good body condition
Bright eyes with bright pink eyelid
color
Dry nose or slight clear (or white)
discharge from nose.
Head and ears up
Tail up (goat)
Smooth/Shiny hair coat
Clean hocks and hindquarters
Formed stools
Freedom from scabs, sores,
abscesses, etc.
Normal gait
Stays with flock
Abnormal
◦
◦
◦
◦
Off-feed
Lethargic
Poor body condition
Runny, red, or swollen eyes. Pale
eyelids.
◦ Colored discharge from nose
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Head and/or ears handing down
Droopy tail (goats)
Rough hair coat
Scabs, abscesses, sores.
Soiled hindquarters
Runny or liquid feces; blood or
mucous in feces
◦ Abnormal gait
◦ Lies separate from flock
Assessment Cont’d…
Observe suspected animals more closely,
first unrestrained then restrained
1. Unrestrained animals:

◦ Body condition: do animals look fat and sleek
or thin and rough?
◦ Hair coat: is it rough or smooth? Are their
indications of external parasites?
◦ Movement and gait: does the animal favor one
leg? Is the animal moving more slowly than
normal?
◦ Lameness: is the animal using all 4 legs?
Assessment Cont’d…

Unrestrained Cont’d…
◦ Swelling: are there obvious swellings on the
body, legs, neck or jaw? Do the hooves appear
swollen?
◦ Bloat: does the left side look distended or
swollen? Does the animal kick at its belly?
◦ Respiration: is it faster than normal? Does the
animal breathe with difficulty?
◦ Cough: Is the animal coughing? Does the cough
appear to be dry or wet?
Assessment Cont’d…

Unrestrained Cont’d…
◦ Discharge: nasal, eye, vaginal – what is its color
and consistency? Is it bloody?
◦ Feces: are they pelleted or loose? Do they
appear off-color?
◦ Urination: is the animal urinating normally?
Does the urine look cloudy or bloody? Is the
amount of urine normal?
◦ Eyesight: can the animal see normally? Do eyes
appear red and runny? Are they white or cloudy?
Assessment Cont’d…
II.

Restrained animals
Head:
◦ Do the eyes blink when a hand is moved slowly towards
them? Is there any discharge from the eyes?
◦ Is the nose moist and cool? Is there a discharge? What
type of discharge – runny, thick, clear, cloudy or colored?
◦ Are there sores on the nose?
◦ Are there ulcers around the lips, gums, tongue, etc.? Is
there normal salivation?
◦ Check the mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth.
 Roll down the lower eyelid – is it pale white or pinkish red?
 Look at the gums – are they pale or reddish in color?
◦ Are there swellings on the jaw or neck?
Assessment Cont’d…
Checking the mucous
membrane of the eye
Swelling on the jaw
indicating Caseous
Lymphadenitis
“Bottle jaw” swelling
indicating internal
parasite infestation
Assessment Cont’d…

Body:
◦ Is the animal breathing normally – between 12
and 15 times per minute?
◦ Is breathing difficult?
◦ Is the animal coughing or sneezing?
◦ Are there places where wool / hair is missing?
◦ Are there any sores or blisters on the skin? Wet,
sore patches of skin may allow disease agents to
enter causing infection.
◦ Are there any swellings under the skin? These
may be lymph nodes or abscesses.
◦ Is the coat normal and healthy?
Assessment Cont’d…

Legs and feet:
◦ Is the animal lame? Examine the foot and legs for
ulcers, wounds, swelling or pain.
◦ Are one or more legs involved?
◦ Are the hooves unnaturally hot, have an odor or
are painful to the touch?
◦ Is there swelling or infection between the
hooves?
◦ Do the hooves need trimming?
Assessment Cont’d…

Udder:
◦ Is the udder swollen or warmer than usual?
◦ Does the animal refuse the udder being touched
or is it painful to the touch?
◦ Are there injuries on the teats, udder?
◦ Is the milk normal in color, quantity, and
consistency?
Assessment Cont’d…

Genitals:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Is there any vaginal/vulva discharge?
Are there any ulcers/scabs around the vulva?
Is there any injury or swelling on the scrotum?
Is the sheath swollen or injured?
Any discharge from the penis?
Assessment Cont’d…

Feces and urine:
◦ Does the animal pass urine and feces normally?
◦ Does the animal look distressed when it passes
feces and urine?
◦ Are feces watery and pass more frequently than
normal?
◦ Is there blood or mucous in the feces?
◦ Is the color of urine normal?
Assessment Cont’d…

Body temperature:
◦ Take the temperature of the animal with a
thermometer.
 Holding the thermometer firmly, shake it to move the
line of mercury near the thermometer’s bulb.
 Smear a little Vaseline on the bulb end.
 Have someone hold the animal or tie it up. Lift the
animal’s tail and gently insert the thermometer about 5
cm into the rectum.
 After 2 minutes, remove the thermometer, wipe it clean
and read the temperature. The normal temperature of
sheep and goats is between 38.5° and 40°C.
 Finally, shake the thermometer again, wash in cold
water and dry before storing it.
Measuring
rectal
temperature
Assessment Cont’d…

Pulse or heart rate:
◦ The pulse or heart rate should be measured on a
rested animal.
◦ Place your fingertips between the animal’s ribs
behind the elbow to feel the heartbeat.
◦ Pulse can be detected on the inside of the rear
leg roughly 1/3 of the way down or on the artery
located below and slightly inside of the jaw twothirds to the rear of the muzzle.
◦ A normal range for adult animals is 70 to 90
beats per minute with kids and lambs faster.
Assessment Cont’d…
Measuring heart rate (left) and pulse (right).
Assessment Cont’d…

Respiration:
◦ Watch the rib cage and count how many times
the animal breathes per minute. A normal range
is from 12 to 20.

Rumen movement:
◦ If the rumen is not moving normally, that animal
will become sick.
◦ Place your fist in the hollow on the left side of
the animal behind the rib cage to feel the rumen
move.
◦ A healthy goat or sheep should have 1 to 2
rumen movements per minute.
Assessment Cont’d…
Checking rumen movement.
Normal vital measures
of goats/ sheep
Temp.
(C)
Respiration
rate (/min.)
Pulse rate
(/min.)
Rumination
rate(/min.)
Goats
38.5-39.7
15
90
2
Sheep
38.3-40
19
74
1-2
Disease Reporting
Importance:
• Facilitates timely action
• Source of information
Actions:
• Report to concerned body as soon as
possible
• Sick animals should be isolated
immediately
Important points to be included
during disease reporting







Geographical location (zone, wereda,
Kebele…etc)
Species affected (Bovine, ovine, caprine,
poultry…etc)
When it started (Date, month, year)
Major clinical signs (Respiratory, GIT …etc)
Age, sex affected
Course of the disease (acute or chronic)
Number of cases
An emergency report
Send immediately to the woreda office
 Aware the neighbouring PAs
 Stop animal and animal products movement
 Take appropriate samples and submit to the
Regional Laboratory
 Properly dispose dead animals

Important epidemiological
information

Population at risk;

Possible source of infection (new contact
animal, marketing…etc)

Major change in weather, feed, water…etc

Measures taken (treatment,
vaccination…etc)
Major Bacterial diseases
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
(CCPP)
Host:
mainly goats. Sheep suspected to be sources of
infection
Transmission: aerogenically through droplets (direct
contact)
Clinical
signs:
Incubation Period: variable Can be as long as 2
months
respiratory signs (coughing, difficult breathing)
Joint problems, mastitis
Frothy nasal discharge
CCPP treatment and control
•Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic
is effective.
Tylosin and Oxytetracycline
•Ring vaccination (around outbreak sites)
•Restriction of animal movement
Pasteurolloses
Hosts affected: Cattle, Sheep and goat
Transmission: Contact
Occurrence: nationwide
Stress (Environmental and physiological ) are
pre requisite for pathogenicity
Pasteurolloses - clinical signs
Incubation

period 7-10 days
Some animals stop eating and look tired and
weak;
 high fever;
 often cough a lot and have distressed
breathing that become worse through time;
 Breathing often rapid but weak;
 Some animals collapse and die in a few
hours;
 Other animals are sick for several days;
 Lose weight and become thin and weak.
Clinical signs Cont’d…
•
•
•
•
Animals grind their teeth.
Usually have diarrhea.
They die after 5-6 days if they not treated
In dead animals:
 both lungs have red/grey patches.
The air ways have mucus.
Animals that were sick for several days
have yellow fluid in the chest.
Pasteurolloses - control strategies

Avoid overcrowded conditions

Annual vaccinations

Drugs are available in any veterinary
clinic and pharmacy:
sulphadimidin,
streptomycin,
Oxytetracycline
Brucellosis

Species affected : sheep and goats

Ingestion of pasture contaminated by
vaginal discharge and aborted fetus
is the main route of transmission

Clinical sign
• Abortion
• Infertility in aborted animal
Brucellosis - Diagnosis &
control
• Diagnosis:
serological examination
• Treatment: no satisfactory treatment
• Prevention & Control
Proper disposal of aborted foetus
Disinfection of contaminated site
Isolation of aborted animal
Test and cull positive animals
Anthrax

Species Affected: all warm blooded animals

chickens are relatively resistant to the disease

Transmission
usually
contaminated feed

Outbreaks often associated with heavy rainfall,
flood or drought
by
ingestion
of
Anthrax - clinical signs
• Incubation period: 12-24 hrs.
• Clinical signs:

Sudden death may be the only sign in
ruminants,
 Staggering, trembling and difficult
breathing may be seen in some animals,
followed by rapid collapse, terminal
convulsions and death.
 depression, disorientation, muscle tremors,
 abortion, congested mucous membranes ,and
 bloody discharges from the nose, mouth and
anus
Anthrax - Clinical findings
Anthrax - Precautions

Carcass:
opening an infected carcass for necropsy
should be avoided.

Anthrax spores can remain viable for
decades in the soil or animal products
such as dried or processed hides and
wool.
Anthrax - Control strategies

Disease gives no time for treatment.
However, penicillin is most effective for less
severe forms

Burn or bury dead bodies in such a way
that it is deep and far from watering
and grazing sites.

Annual vaccination
Foot rot and foot scald





Foot rot is caused by the
interaction of two anaerobic
bacteria and is highly
contagious.
Foot scald involves only one
bacteria and is not
contagious.
Primary symptom is
lameness in one or more feet.
Foot rot infection is in hoof
vs. foot scald which is
between toes.
Foot rot has a characteristic
foul odor.
Viral Diseases
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
Species
affected: Goats more susceptible than
sheep
Transmission: close contact between healthy and
sick animals
Clinical signs:
clear discharge from the nose,
sores in the mouth,
intermittent diarrhea,
fever (42oc) ,
restlessness,
Zebra marking of the inflamed intestinal mucus membrane
upon necropsy examination
PPR lesions
PPR - control strategies

No treatment for PPR :Broadspectrum
antibiotics to control secondary
infection

Isolation of animals with signs of PPR

Annual vaccination of sheep/goat
before start of rainy season
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Animals get infection via direct contact
 The disease manifests itself in the form
of blisters in the mouth, mainly in the
dental pad.
 Strings of saliva, fever
 The feet also develop sore and animals
become lame
 Loss of body condition
 Infected animals often recover after
losing their condition, some die.

FMD - control strategies

No treatment for FMD. Broad spectrum
antibiotic administration helps to
prevent secondary bacterial infection

Animal movement should be restricted
to stop the spread
Contagious Ecthyma (Orf )

Transmission: direct or indirect contact
 Disease characteristics: sore patches around
the mouth
Orf - disease characteristics

Ewes and does with painful teats will not
allow lambs or kids to suckle, and these
lambs and kids may die of starvation.

Adult animals that are affected will not
eat properly and may lose condition
NB: Humans can become infected while
handling affected animals
Orf - control strategies

There is no treatment for Orf. Antibiotic
for secondary infection

Affected animals should be isolated.
Sheep and goat pox
occurs in both sheep and goats.
 most severe in very young animals.
 Some young sheep and goats die before
showing signs of the disease.
 The disease spreads by direct contact between
animals and contaminated materials.
Signs:
◦ Sheep and goats become sick 1-7 days after
infection.
◦ Most animals are weak and tired and stop
eating.

Sheep and goat pox






Infected animals experience a high fever for a
short time.
A watery discharge from the nose and eyes.
Increased salivation.
often have distressed breathing.
Pregnant sheep and goats often abort.
Small red patches on the skin usually around
the mouth, on the head, under the tail and
between the legs. The patches become swellings
under the skin. Then they become blisters that
break and become open sores that soon develop
scabs.
Sheep pox lesion
observed on the skin
Sheep pox
lesion observed
under the tail
Sheep and goat pox –
Control strategies
Treatment:
There is no treatment for sheep
and goat pox:
 Topical antiseptic treatment of bad or deep sores.
 Give antibiotics to prevent secondary infection

Annual vaccination
Tick borne diseases – Heart water
 Species
affected: Ruminants
 Transmission : tick borne disease (Amblyoma spp)
 Clinical signs
 Incubation period 1 week-a month
 Young animals (up to 3 weeks) are resistant
 Imported breeds highly susceptible
 clinical sign variable based on resistance of host
 Per acute: Fever 42ºC,death after convulsion for
about 36hrs
 Acute form: High body temperature, loss of
appetite
Heart water cont’d…
gradual development of nervous sign( staggering
circling..)
 dyspnea,
 Increased pulse and respiration rate
 Moist cough
 Abortion in pregnant animals
Treatment : Oxytetracycline 10% (5-10 mg /kg
IV)
Control : Systematic tick control

Respiratory symptoms

Infectious
◦ Pneumonia
Symptoms to look for
◦ Elevated body
temperature
◦ Yellowish discharge
◦ Heavy, labored breathing
◦ Chest congestion

Non-infectious
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Allergy
Dust
Poor ventilation
Nasal bots
Lung worms
A clear, bilateral, watery
nasal discharge is relatively
common, especially in sheep,
usually due to poor
ventilation and/or
temperature fluctuations.
Diarrhea – Scours
Increased frequency, fluidity, or volume of fecal excretion.
Normal stool is hard round balls”, but feeding can
alter consistency.
 Infectious
◦ Bacterial
 E. coli
 Salmonella
◦ Viral
◦ Protozoa
 Coccidia
 Cyrptosporidia
 Giardia
Non-infectious
◦
◦
◦
◦
Parasites
Nutritional
Management
Stress
Role of Development Agents

Development agents are expected to do the
following in their mandate areas:
◦ Give regular public awareness education on the
prevention and control of animal diseases
◦ Coordinating the community on the prevention
of animal diseases;
◦ Reporting disease outbreaks;
◦ Keeping information on livestock resources in
the mandate area;
Role of Development Agents
Collect information on the disease situation
of small ruminants in the area from the
nearest clinic and/or Regional Laboratory to
support action;
 Collect information on the recent disease
control activity in small ruminants in the
area.
 Create awareness among farmers on
management, disease prevention and control
needs of improved genotypes

Role of Development Agents
Prepare vaccination calendar in consultation
with the community and the nearest
veterinary clinic and follow up its
implementation;
 Ensure that animals are regularly treated for
internal and external parasites;
 Ensure availability of assigned animal health
personnel for close health follow up;
 Ensure availability of essential drugs for the
improved genotypes

Role of Development Agents
Assist SDSPs to provide sustainable external
parasite control service to the community
 Assist the farmer to plant improved forage
 Follow up the required data to be collected
 Submit monthly disease reporting format to the
woreda office of agriculture
 Report disease outbreak to the nearest clinic,
implement bio-security and collect information
on the outbreak.
