Transcript Unit 8

Unit 8 Love and Help
Part I Warming up
• Seven Public Welfare Advertisements
• Key words: care; support; home better
society; litter; fine; a 4-letter word; equal
opportunities; food hygiene
Vocabulary
• imprisonment: n. putting someone in
prison or in jail as lawful punishment; the
act of confining someone in a prison; the
state of being imprisoned
• harmony: agreement in feeling or opinion;
accord: live in harmony
• discrimination: Treatment or consideration based
on class or category rather than individual merit;
partiality or prejudice: racial discrimination;
discrimination against foreigners.
• preventive: intended or used to prevent or hinder;
acting as an obstacle: preventive measures
• cholera: an acute infectious disease of the small
intestine （ 小 肠 ） , caused by the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae and characterized by profuse
watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, severe
dehydration, and depletion of electrolytes. 霍乱。
Also called Asiatic cholera
• hepatitis A: an infection of the liver that is caused
by an RNA virus, is transmitted by ingestion of
infected food and water, and has a shorter
incubation and generally milder symptoms than
hepatitis B. Also called infectious hepatitis
• diarrheal disease: excessive and frequent
evacuation of watery feces, usually indicating
gastrointestinal distress or disorder 畅胃疾病
• clense: to free from dirt, pollution, infection, guilt,
etc.; to clean.
Key:
• 1. living alone / care and support / warms their
hearts / Social Welfare / 23432255 / Family
Services
• 2. it’s also our home / taking more pride
• 3. roles to play / do our part
• 4. walk away from a fine / $25,000 /six months’
• 5. a 4-letter word/ sick / in disgust / go away / at
home / in schools / affected
• 6. men and women / Sex discrimination / equal
opportunity / 25118211
• 7. preventive measures / boiled water / cut fruits /
shellfish / food hygiene
Part II
• Anti-AIDS campaign
• A. A report about the spread of HIV
and the possibility of curing AIDS.
• Key words: Aids epidemic / microbe / HIV
(human immunodeficiency virus) / vaccine
Pre-listening:
• 1. What do AIDS and HIV stand for?
acquired immune deficiency syndrome; human
immunodeficiency virus
• 2. How is it transmitted?
A severe immunological disorder caused by the
HIV, resulting in a defect in cell-mediated immune
response that is manifested by increased
susceptibility n.易感性opportunistic infections
and to certain rare cancers, especially Kaposi's
sarcomas[医]肉瘤, 恶性毒瘤. It is transmitted
primarily by exposure to contaminated body fluids,
especially blood and semen
Vocabulary
• microbe: a minute life form; a microorganism,
especially a bacterium that causes disease
• plague: a "stroke" of affliction, or disease; a
highly infectious, usually fatal, epidemic disease;
a pestilence
• relentlessly: continuously severely or cruelly
• lethal: capable of causing death; plague: a serious
(sometimes fatal) infection transmitted by the bite
of an infected rat flea (especially bubonic plague)
• epidemic: an outbreak of a contagious disease that
spreads rapidly and widely; e.g. SARS epidemic
TB: tuberculosis 肺结核
• an infectious disease of humans and animals
caused by the tubercle bacillus and characterized
by the formation of tubercles on the lungs and
other tissues of the body, often developing long
after the initial infection.
• tuberculosis of the lungs, characterized by the
coughing up of mucus and sputum, fever, weight
loss, and chest pain
• malaria: an infectious disease characterized by
cycles of chills, fever, and sweating, caused by a
protozoan原生动物of the genus Plasmodium 疟
原虫in red blood cells, which is transmitted to
humans by the bite of an infected female
anopheles疟蚊mosquito
• prevalence: being widespread; "the prevalence of
dysentery is horrible"
• magnitude: greatness in size or extent: The
magnitude of the flood was impossible to
comprehend
•
greatness in significance or influence: was
shocked by the magnitude of the crisis
• pandemic: widespread; Epidemic over a wide
geographic area and affecting a large proportion of
the population: pandemic influenza.
• fester: to become infected and diseased
• inconceivable: too strange to be thought real or
possible; impossible to imagine: inconceivable
folly; an inconceivable disaster.
• therapeutic: tending to cure or restore to health;
having a good effect on one’s health: therapeutic
exercises; therapeutic diets
• avert: to ward off (something about to happen);
prevent something unpleasant from happening:
averted an accident by turning sharply
• unparalleled: too great to be equal:
unparalleled athletic ability"; "a breakdown
of law unparalleled in our history"
• concerted: planned or accomplished
together; combined: We made a concerted
effort to solve the problem
Instructions:
• Listen to the report carefully and complete
the following statements
• 1. January 2000; 15 million; 40 million;
viral infection; immune system
• 2. 3 million; deadliest microbe;
• 3. 34 developing countries; 2% or greater
• 4. gloom and doom; two years; 14 AIDS
drugs; U.S. and Western Europe
• 5. 2025; major killer; 40 years; public
health gains; 50
• 6. huge population; biggest impact; from
100 million to 1 billion; India and China
• 7. fester; 0.5%
• 8.
inconceivable; AIDS vaccine; political
will; who need it most
B. A report about sex education
in the United States
• Pre-listening:
• Do you think that school should include
sex education in their curriculum? Why
or why not?
Debate on Sex Education in the
U.S.:
• In the debate over sex education, one thing is
undisputed: The average kid today is immersed in
sexual imagery.色情图片.
• Kids are becoming more sexually active at an
earlier age. 66% of American high school students
have had sex by their senior year.
• And these same teens are paying the price by
contracting dangerous — and sometimes
deadly — sexually transmitted diseases.
• According to the Centers for Disease Control and
the Kaiser Family Foundation, approximately 65%
of all sexually transmitted infections contracted by
Americans this year will occur in people under 24.
One in four new HIV infections occurs in people
younger than 22.
• How much to teach?
• One side in the debate favors comprehensive sex
education, including detailed information about
sexually transmitted diseases, contraception and
abstinence.
• The opposing side pushes for an abstinence-only
message that advises teens to wait until marriage.
• Since there is no federal law that requires public
schools to teach sex education, let alone one that
specifies what should be taught, these decisions
are left up to states and individual school districts.
• Currently 18 states and the District of Columbia
require schools to provide sex education and 32 do
not. In some states, such as Louisiana, kids might
learn about HIV/AIDS, but not about any other
STDs or how to prevent pregnancy. In other states,
like Washington, teens receive information on
everything from birth control pills to
homosexuality.
• In a study of 35 sex education programs around
the world, the World Health Organization found
there is no evidence that comprehensive programs
encourage sexual activity.
• The study also concluded that abstinence-only
programs are less effective than comprehensive
classes that include abstinence and safe-sex
practices such as contraception and condom use.
• Despite all the disagreement, there is some middle
ground in the debate.
• Advocates of comprehensive sex education say the
abstinence-only message ignores information
critical for teens to protect their health. But they
are not against the abstinence message itself.
• Parents vs. public schools
• While activists argue over the right balance,
reports show that American parents want some
sort of sex education taught in public schools.
• A 1999 survey conducted by Hickman-Brown
Research Inc. found that 93 percent of all
Americans believe sex education should be taught
in high schools, and 84 percent believe it should
be taught in middle or junior high schools.
• the comprehensive sex education classes taught
schools include information about contraception,
abortion and homosexuality.
• Fight
brews
over
funding
With both sides so far apart, there are few signs
that a compromise over sex education will be
reached anytime soon. In fact, the battle is only
likely to become more heated in the coming year.
Vocabulary
• curriculum: all the courses of study offered by an
educational institution.
• a group of related courses, often in a special field
of study: the engineering curriculum
• abstainer: a person who keeps oneself from doing
something, esp. with an effort
• n.节制者, 戒酒者, 弃权者
• contraception: birth control by the use of
contraceptive devices n.避孕, 避孕法
• transmitted (disease): tending to occur among
members of a family usually by heredity; "a n
inherited disease
• human reproduction: 人类繁殖
• rape: (esp. of a man) to have sex with
someone esp. a woman against her will
• condom: n.避孕套
• abortion: termination of pregnancy 流产
• homosexuality: sexual activity with
another of the same sex
Instructions:
• Listen to the report and complete the following
statements with proper numbers and information
• 1. 12th; 90%; two
• 2.7th and 8th; half; 1,500, peer pressure;
contraception; safe sex; sexually transmitted; HIV
AIDS
• 3. 1/3; abstainers; 80%; wait to have sex; birth
control; safe sex
• 4. 40%; 22%;
• 5. 1/3; parents; 61%; friends; television; movies
and magazines
Instructions:
• Listen again and answer the following questions in
note form.
• 1. elementary school
• 2. abstainers; basics of human reproduction; HIV
Aids; sexually transmitted diseases; rape; safe sex;
condoms; birth control; abortion; homosexuality
• 3. want schools to teach more
• 4. parents; don’t talk about sex; want school to do
it
• 6. a need for more sex education; more practical
approach to dangers and risks
Part III Drug Therapy
• A. A report about drug therapy
• Key Words: prescription drugs; depression;
controlled drugs; psychological disorders;
aggressive behavior; overeating; drug
therapy; Time Banking; time broker; time
credits
Vocabulary
• sterioid: 类固醇
• illicit: against a law or a rule
• pharmaceutical: n. medicine adj. connected with
the making of medicine
• insomnia: chronic inability to fall asleep or remain
asleep for an adequate length of time
• sedative: having a soothing, calming, or
tranquilizing effect; reducing or relieving anxiety,
stress, irritability, or excitement
• hypnotic: sleeping pill
• psychotropic: adj. affecting the mind or mood or
other mental processes; "psychoactive drugs (药物)
作用于精神的
• stone: a unit of weight in Great Britain, 14 pounds
(6.4 kilograms)
• serotonin: a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep
and depression and memory n.含于血液中的复合
胺
• contentious: controversial; likely to cause
argument
• prone: likely to suffer (usu. sth. undesirable)
• amphetamine: n.[药]安非他明 a colorless,
volatile liquid, C9H13N, used as a central
nervous system stimulant in the treatment of
certain conditions, such as attention deficit,
hyperactivity 活动过度, 极度活跃disorder,
depression, and narcolepsy 嗜眠发作, and
abused illegally as a stimulant
• anti-depression: 抗抑郁
• Viagra: a trademark used for the drug
sildenafil citrate (柠檬酸盐)
International Narcotics Control
Board国际毒品控制委员会:
• The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB or Board)
is the independent and quasi-judicial control organ for the
implementation of the United Nations drug conventions,
established in 1968 by the Single Convention on Narcotic
Drugs of 1961. It had predecessors under the former drug
conventions since the time of the League of Nations.
• The Board is independent of Governments as well as of the
United Nations; its 13 members serve in their personal
capacity. They are elected by the United Nations Economic
and Social Council (ECOSOC) and their work is financed
by the United Nations. Three members are elected from a
list of candidates nominated by WHO and 10 from a list
nominated by Governments
• Adifax: slimming drug; drug taken to lose weight
• Prozac: a commonly prescribed antidepressant
(trade name Prozac); a serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor
• Attention Deficit Disorder: abr. ADD. a syndrome,
usually diagnosed in childhood, characterized by a
persistent pattern of impulsiveness, a short
attention span, and often hyperactivity, and
interfering especially with academic, occupational,
and social performance
• Ritalin: a central nervous system stimulant (trade
name Ritalin) used in the treatment of narcolepsy
in adults and attention deficit disorder in children
n. [药]盐酸哌醋甲酯, 利他林(中枢兴奋药)[商标
名]
• Task A1. Listen to the first half of the
report and focus on the questions and
answers
• 1. Some legal prescription drugs are being taken in
worrying quantities in the West.
• 2. In developed countries, the prevalence of
anxiety and insomnia and the consumption of
sedative hypnotics are growing.
• 3. Drugs to treat psychological disorders are often
given hastily, and without considering the
underlying causes of the patients’ problems.
• 4. Advances in biochemistry are being used to
mask what children really need—more discipline
or more care. And Prof. Rose is afraid that
Western culture is now so wedded to
pharmaceutical answers, patients and parents are
unwilling to accept that drugs are not the answer
to everything.
• Task A2 Listen again and take notes for
the supporting examples of treatment
mentioned in the report.
Areas of treatment
Overeating
Supporting examples
Carol—compulsive eater /115 kilos
Adifax—slimming drug / only
emergency treatment /
but prescribed long periods
as
Badly behaved
children
Young people—depression
Prozac—instant relief / frightening dreams
/ suicidal feelings / dangers emerge / longterm effect?
ADD
Reese—learning difficulties / lose temper /
aggressive
Ritalin—power amphetamine / help
control temper / do better at school
• Task B. Listen to the second half of the report
and focus on the questions and answers
• 1. Patients are linked together with a time broker
who involves them in projects to build up time
credits.
• 2. Where money is short, this kind of time credit
system can bring people with social problems a lot
of benefit.
• 3. Themes like that do remind us that chemicals
are only part of the answer to social problems, and
a well-functioning society must be the background
to any therapy. Loneliness, low self-esteem and
anger need to be seen as problems of relationship,
not just brain chemistry.