Transcript Introductory Questions #1

The Immune System
Chapter 39.1 & 39.2
(Pgs. 1022-1041)
Introductory Questions #1
1. Your Immune system protects your body from
many kinds of pathogens. Give three
examples of a pathogen. Where do these
pathogens come from?
2. Are all micoorganisms harmful to your body?
Briefly explain your answer.
3. Looking at Table 39.1, determine if the
following illnesses are caused by a virus or a
bacteria.
-Tetanus
-Chicken pox
-Influenza
-Tuberculosis
Pathogens
• Meaning “pathos”- to suffer & “geneia” refers to
producing
• Cause disease and illness
• Disrupts homeostasis in the body
• Includes agents such as:
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Bacteria
Protozoans
Fungi
Viruses
Other parasites
Human Infectious Diseases (pg. 1024)
Viruses
Chicken pox
Rabies
Influenza
HIV/AIDS
Bacteria
Tetanus
Strept throat
Tuberculosis
Meningitis
Video #1: Killer Viruses
• While watching the video, write 15 key statements
on a separate sheet of paper.
• Be sure to number each statement.
Introductory Questions #2
1. Some disorders are not caused by
pathogens. Give three examples. (see pg.
1024) Explain how these are acquired by a
person.
2. Name the rod-shaped pathogen Robert Koch
discovered in the blood of sheep and cattle in
1876. What 4 steps are taken to identify a
pathogen with a disease? Write these on the
back of your cover sheet.
3. Do these steps only work with bacteria?
Explain your answer.
Non-Pathogenic Disorders
• Hemphilia: (sex-linked trait) called
bleeder’s disease.
• Osteoarthritis: degeneration from wear
and tear in joint spaces. (aging process)
• Cirrhoisis: exposure to a chemical/toxin
such as alcohol.
• Scurvy: Malnutrition (deficiency in Vitamin
C) causing gums to bleed, teeth to losen,
and wounds to heal poorly.
Pathogens
• 1st proof was a pathogen was identified by
Robert Koch in 1876.
• Developed postulates (method) of relating
a pathogen to a specific disease.
– Pathogen must be found in host in every case
– Pathogen must be isolated & grown in culture
– Pathogen must cause disease if take from this
pure culture
– Must be able to isolate the pathogen from
new host and shown to be the original
pahtogen.
Exceptions of Koch’s Process
• STD’s: sexually transmitted diseases
• Viruses
Homework (Mon.)
• Reading guide:
– Research a disease on the internet
– Answer the questions posed on the guide for
the section “Before You Read”
Do Question #1 & #3
Homework Due (Tues.)
• Study Guide/Reinforcement Quest. #1-10
• Have research ready to share about a
particular disease. (printout of website)
Introductory Questions #3
1. People who harbor pathogens without exhibiting
any signs of the illness and unknowingly
transmit it to others are called _________. (see
pg. 1026)
2. The symptom-free period of time when a
pathogen is transmitted and multiplying rapidly
within the body is called the ___________
period.
3. Name three diseases that can be transferred
from animals to humans. What are some nonliving reservoirs of infectious disease?
Spreading of Infectious Diseases
• Pathogens begin from a reservoir which can
include: Human body, Animals, and non-living
sources such as water & soil.
• Achieved by a living organism (human body itself)
or an inanimate object.
• People can “carry” the disease and not know they
have it without showing any signs of illness.
• The first stage for the spread of a disease is called
the incubation period.
– Humans unknowingly pass it on to others
– Influenza, Strept throat, STD’s like gonorrhea, and AIDS
are all examples
Transmission of Disease (pg. 1027)
• Pathogens are transmitted from a reservoir to a
host in four main ways:
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Direct contact (flu, cold, & STD’s)
An object (can house bacteria & other microorganisms)
The air (coughing or sneezing)
Intermediate organisms called “vectors” which include:
• Insects
• Arthropods
• Ticks, fleas, mosquitos, and flies
Homework (Wed.)
• Study Guide/Reinforcement Quest. #1-10
• Have research ready to share about a
particular disease. (printout of website)
Homework Due: (Thurs.)
• Reading Guide 39.1
– Quest #4-10
– Final Page “After You Read” #1 & 2 (Table)
• Disease research from those that didn’t
share yesterday. (2pts)
(Note: must have a printout of website)
Introductory Questions #4
1.
2.
Name the four main ways that pathogens can be
transmitted to a host from reservoirs. When diseases
are transmitted by “vectors” what type of organisms are
involved? (see pg. 1027)
Match the disease with its source:
Lyme disease
West Nile virus
Rocky Mtn. spotted fever
3.
A. ticks
B. mosquitos
C. fleas & rats
When a disease is constantly present in a population
we call this disease an ________ disease. Give an
example. (see pg. 1027) What type of organisms
produce antibiotic substances?
Video #3: Parasites
• Write 10 key Statements from the video.
**Be sure to number each statement.
Tonight’s Homework
• Textbook pg. 1030 Quest. #1-4
• Review for tomorrow’s quiz
• Bring in SSR reading for 2 extra credit pts.
• Review by taking a practice quiz from
textbook website:
www.ca.bdol.glencoe.com
Assignment Packet Due Fri. 4/3
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Cover sheet (w/all four IQ’s answered)
Reading guide 39.1
Study Guide/Reinforcement (one page-front)
Videos x3
– Killer Viruses (15 statements)
– Bacteria (fill in answers)
– Parasites (10 statements)
• SSR- Your five key points & Presenters five
points
SSR Guide for Presenters
• Give your name
• Hold up the your source
• FIVE key points with a brief summary of
what you read.
• The rest of us need to write points
discussed in the SSR boxes on your cover
sheet.
The Immune System
(Part II)
Chapter 39.2
(pgs. 1031-1047)
Schedule
• Today (4/13) - 4/16 (Thurs.) Chapter 39.2
NOTE: Quiz #10 Will be this Thursday!!! (not Friday)
• Review/Practice Star Test 90 Questions
– 1st 45 Questions Given this Friday (Open Book)
– 2nd 45 Question Given on Monday (Open Book)
Introductory Questions #1
1. Name three non-specific defenses to a
foreign invader that enters the body.
2. Give two purposes that mucus serves in
the body. Name two areas where mucus
is secreted.
3. Name two white blood cells (WBC’s) that
engulfs (phagocytize) foreing invaders.
Which WBC releases histamine. What
does histamine do?
Lines of Defense
Innate Immunity
• Non-Specific Defense Process
• First way (earliest) line of defense
• Involves:
– Barriers
– Body Secretions
– White Blood Cells (WBC)
– Inflammatory Response
Skin & Body Secretions
• Skin is a dry desolate place that is always
replacing itself.
*It’s been estimated that we slough off and replace
about 90 lbs. of skin in our lifetime!!!
• Secretions:
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Mucus
Oil
Sweat
Tears
Saliva
Mucus
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Thick (viscous) fluid that is slightly sticky
Traps microorganisms & foreign particles
Prevents membranes from drying out
Secreted by cells that line the
– Digestive tract
– Respiratory tract
– Sinus cavities
Sweat, Tears, and Saliva
• All contain Lysozymes
– Breaks down the cell wall of bacteria cells
• Tears & Saliva - have a small amount of
antibiotic
• Sweat - has a high amount of salt
Inflammatory Response
• Characterized by:
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Redness
Swelling
Pain
Heat
• Cells Involved:
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Mast cells
Basophil: releases Histamine
Monocytes (Macrophages): WBC
Neutrophil: (WBC
The Inflammatory Response
• Tissue injury; release of chemical signals~
• histamine (basophils/mast cells):
• prostaglandins: increases blood flow & vessel permeability
• Dilation and increased permeability of capillary~
• chemokines: secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells
mediates phagocytotic migration of WBCs
• Phagocytosis of pathogens~
• fever & pyrogens: leukocyte-released molecules increase
body
temperature
Histamine
• Substance that cause blood vessels to
dilate
• Released by Mast cells & Basophil cells
• Cause the vessels to be more permeable
and allow cells & substances to leak out.
• Causes redness & swelling
Phagocytic cells
• Surround & Engulf foreign invaders
• Present in body tissues & blood
• Include the following White blood Cells
– Monocytes ----- become macrophages
– Neutrophils
– Eosinophils
Video #1: “The Immune System”
(10 Statements)
Introductory Questions #1
1. Name three non-specific defenses to a
foreign invader that enters the body.
2. Give two purposes that mucus serves in
the body. Name two areas where mucus
is secreted.
3. Name two white blood cells (WBC’s) that
engulfs (phagocytize) foreign invaders.
Which WBC releases histamine. What
does histamine do?
Introductory Questions #2
1. Looking at the mini-lab 39.2 (pg. 1035), list the
five white blood cells that we could look for in a
prepared slide. Name the type of enzyme that a
macrophage uses to digest particles it engulfs.
(see pg. 1033)
2. When a wound is healing pus can form. What is
pus composed of? Name the protein that
protects cells from viruses. Briefly explain what
an antigen is. (pg. 1035)
3. Name three organs that make up the lymphatic
system. Which white blood cells make up a
lymph node? Where can you find a high number
of lymph nodes in the body?
Lines of Defense
Pg. 880
Withdraw
blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Salts
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%
CELL TYPE
NUMBER
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
5–6 million
Leukocytes
(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins
(antibodies)
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity
Transport of
oxygen
(and carbon
dioxide)
Defense and
immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
FUNCTIONS
(per mm3 of blood)
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000–
400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13
Red blood cells transport oxygen
-Hemoglobin transport of O2
-Red blood cells contain
hemoglobin (250-300 million)
-RBC count:
4.2 – 6.2 million cells per mm3.
(adult males & females)
-Average Lifespan: 120 days
-33% of RBC volume is
hemoglobin
-2.4 million are destroyed per
second and are replaced in the
bone marrow
-No nucleus or mitochondria
Figure 23.14
White blood cells help defend the body
• White blood cells function both inside and
outside the circulatory system
– They fight infections and cancer
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Figure 23.15
WBC Type and Function
• WBC count: 7000 per µL (1:700 RBC’s)
• Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytic cells in the blood
(60-70% of all WBC’s)
• Eosinophils: containd oxidases & peroxidases
-increase during allergic reactions
-parasitic infections
• Basophils: also important in allergic reactions
-do not contain lysosomes
-histamine in the cytoplasm (inflamm.)
-heparin acts as an anticoagulant
(prevents blood clots)
• Lymphocytes: produce antibodies attack bacteria & viruses
two types of cells form (B cells & T cells)
• Monocytes: Largest of all WBC’s that become macrophages
(about 5% of all WBC’s)
Differentiation of Blood Cells in the Bone
Marrow
Lymphatic System
• Lymph: clear, watery fluid formed by interstial fluid
• Nodes & Nodules: composed of lymphocytes filters
lymph
• Key organs: tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen
and appendix
• Has “dead end” vessels that are similar to veins
3 Major Functions:
-collects & returns interstitial fluid and protein to blood
-launches the immune response: defends the body
-absorb lipids from digestive tract
LYMPHATIC
VESSEL
Adenoid
Tonsil
Right lymphatic
duct, entering
vein
Thoracic
duct
VALVE
Lymph nodes
Thoracic duct,
entering vein
Blood
capillary
Tissue cells
Interstitial
fluid
Thymus
Appendix
Spleen
LYMPHATIC
CAPILLARY
Masses of
lymphocytes and
macrophages
Bone
marrow
Lymphatic
vessels
Figure 23.3
Antigen molecules
Variety of
B cells in a
lymph node
Antigen receptor
(antibody on
cell surface)
Cell growth
division, and
differentiation
Clone of many
effector cells
secreting
antibodies
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Antibody
molecules
Figure 24.7
Antigens have specific regions
where antibodies bind to them
• Antigenic
determinants
are the
molecules to
which
antibodies
bind
Pg. 903
Antibody A
molecules
Antigenbinding
sites
Antigen
Antigenic
determinants
Antibody B
molecule
Figure 24.6
Antibodies are the weapons of
humoral immunity
• An antibody molecule
Figure 24.10A
PRIMARY RESPONSE
(initial encounter
with antigen)
Antigen
Antigen receptor
on a B cell
Antigen binding
to a B cell
Cell growth,
division, and
differentiation
Clone of
cells
Memory B cell
Plasma cell
Antibody
molecules
SECONDARY RESPONSE
(can be years later)
Cell growth,
division, and further
differentiation
Later
exposure
to same
antigen
Larger clone
of cells
Plasma cell
Memory B cell
Antibody
molecules
Figure 24.9
Binding of antibodies to antigens
inactivates antigens by
Neutralization
(blocks viral binding sites;
coats bacterial toxins)
Agglutination
of microbes
Precipitation of
dissolved antigens
Complement
molecule
Bacteria
Virus
Antigen
molecules
Bacterium
Enhances
Phagocytosis
Activation
of complement
Foreign cell
Hole
Leads to
Cell lysis
Macrophage
Figure 24.11
Video Segment #2: Minding Your
B’s & T’s
• Write 10 Key statements
Introductory Questions #3
SSR Guide for Presenters
• Give your name
• Hold up the your source
• FIVE key points with a brief summary of
what you read.
• The rest of us need to write points
discussed in the SSR boxes on your cover
sheet.
Assignment Packet Due Fri. 3/27
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Cover sheet (last week)
Reading guide 36.1
Reflex lab w/meter stick
Draw/Label of a Neuron
SSR#1-5 key points of your reading only
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Cover sheet #2 (this week)
Reading Guide 36.2
Drawings & labels of the brain (2 pgs)
Study guide/Reinforcement guide
Text Review Q’s Pgs 968-969 #1-11 & #19-24
Video guide sheets (x2)
Word List
SSR #2 (5 key points of yours & presenter)
Blood clots plug leaks when blood
vessels are injured
• When a blood
vessel is damaged,
platelets respond
– They help trigger the
formation of an
insoluble fibrin clot
that plugs the leak
Figure 23.16B