Transcript الشريحة 1

The Islamic University
‫الجامعة االسالمية – غزة‬
Faculty of Science
‫كلية العلوم‬
Biotechnology Dep.
‫قسم التكنولوجيا الحيوية‬
Agricultural & Environmental
Lab.
Water quality testing II:
PCR-based testing for water bacterial
contaminants
EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this experiment is to use
PCR to determine the quality of water and
to detect and monitor the presence of
bacterial contaminants in environmental
bodies of water.

Water pollution is a major worldwide health
problem and thus an essential subject
area for incorporation into health
education (specifically biology and ecology
courses). According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), over nine million
deaths annually are attributed to
waterborne diseases, occurring mostly in
developing countries.

It is projected that 38% of those deaths
occur in children afflicted with diarrhea.
Furthermore, the WHO estimates that 80%
of all worldwide infectious disease is due
to unsafe water sanitation. Typical
infections are cholera, giardiasis, hepatitis,
shigellosis, typhoid, and acute
gastrointestinal illness (AGI).
Cholera

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused
by ingestion of food or water faecally
contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio
cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from
less than one day to five days, and produces an
enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless,
watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe
dehydration and death if treatment is not
promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most
patients .
giardiasis
The Life Cycle of Giardia Lamblia
Giardia lamblia
cyst
Entamoeba histolytica Life cycle
the cysts can
survive days to
weeks in the
external
environment
and are
responsible for
transmission
Trophozoites
passed in the stool
are rapidly
destroyed once
outside the body
Entamoeba histolytica
cyst will have 1 to 4 nuclei. In addition, the
peripheral chromatin is generally evenly
distributed.
trophozoite15 to
20 µm.
CYST 10 – 15 µM
shigellosis

Shigella bacteria can contaminate food and
water supplies, especially in areas where the
sanitation is not adequate. However, most of the
time the bacteria are spread when a person
comes into contact with another person's stool
(poop). That's one of the reasons why it's
important to wash your hands after using the
restroom. It takes as few as 10 of these bacteria
to cause an infection. That means that Shigella
bacteria can spread easily within families,
schools, child-care centers, nursing homes, and
other institutions
shigellosis

The bacteria produce toxins that can
attack the lining of the large intestine,
causing swelling, ulcers on the intestinal
wall, and bloody diarrhea. Symptoms can
range from just watery diarrhea to bloody
diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain
Typhoid


Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease, caused by
Salmonella typhi .It is transmitted through the
ingestion of food or drink contaminated by the
faeces or urine of infected people .
Symptoms usually develop 1–3 weeks after
exposure, and may be mild or severe. They
include high fever, malaise, headache,
constipation or diarrhoea, rose-coloured spots
on the chest, and enlarged spleen and liver.
Healthy carrier state may follow acute illness .
Acute gastrointestinal illness AGI
Acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) is caused by
a variety of different agents and conditions and
comprises a constellation of symptoms that may
include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal
pain, abdominal cramps, fever, and
other systemic symptoms. Because of its various
causes and variable symptomatology, no
standard definition of AGI has been presented in
the medical literature, making comparisons
of studies difficult.



WHAT IS CRYPTOSPORIDIUM?
Cryptosporidium parvum is a parasite that can
infect man and a wide range of domestic and
wild animals. The organism can be acquired
from contaminated food, milk, drinking water,
poorly maintained swimming pools, farm animals
and other infected people. It exists within the gut
cells of a host and later in its life cycle is
excreted in stools in the form of ‘oocysts’, the
infectious form of the parasite.
oocysts of
Cryptosporidium
parvum
PCR