Transcript Blood Notes
Functions of Blood Transport of: Gases, nutrients, waste products Processed molecules Regulatory molecules Regulation of pH and osmosis Maintenance of body temperature Protection against foreign substances Clot formation Composition of Blood Plasma—55% Formed elements—45% Red blood cells (RBC)— erythrocytes White blood cells (WBC)—leukocytes Platelets—thrombocytes Composition of Blood Formed Elements Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Platelets (thrombocytes) Production of Formed Elements Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of blood cell production Stem cells: All formed elements derived from single population Hematopoiesis Concept Check What are the functions of blood? -transportation, regulation of pH, maintain body temperature, protection, & clot formation What types of things does it transport? -gases, nutrients, waste products, molecules What are the three types of cells in blood? -erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets What is most blood made out of? -plasma What is the process of blood cell formation called? -hematopoesis Erythrocytes—RBC Mature RBC Contain no nucleus Contain no organelles Is a biconcave, disk shape Average life span is 120 days Filled with hemoglobin—protein that can carry up to 4 atoms of oxygen Anemia—lack of iron in hemoglobin CO2 –transported in plasma and RBC Leukocytes Protect body against microorganisms & remove dead cells & debris Movements Ameboid-pseudopodia Diapedesis- move through the walls of blood vessels Chemotaxis- move toward chemicals Types Neutrophils: Small phagocytic cells Eosinophils: Reduce inflammation Basophils: Release histamine and increase inflammatory response Lymphocytes: Immunity Monocytes: Largest WBCs; become macrophages Leukocytes—WBC WBCs are outnumbered by RBCs 700:1 Differential WBC count will show any abnormal number of WBCs. Leukopenia—decreased # of WBCs Leukocytosis—increased # of WBCs Platelets- Thrombocytes Average life span is 7-10 days Function: coagulation AKA blood clotting Hemostasis—stoppage of blood flow Platelets will stick to damaged lining of the vessel to form a platelet plug Proteins released to attract more platelets Substances released to cause vasoconstriction Thrombocytes Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow Concept Check What are some characteristics of RBCs? -no nucleus or organelles, bioconcave disk shaped, contain hemoglobin What are some characteristics of WBCs? -outnumbered by RBCs, live only a few days Why are there so many different kinds of WBCs? -each have different functions What is the function of a thrombocyte? -coagulation (clot blood) Blood Grouping Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs Groups ABO and Rh Most common blood type: O+ Most rare blood type: AB- ABO Blood Groups Blood Types Type Antigen present Antibody present Can Receive Can Donate To Genotype A Antigen A Antibody B A, O A, AB IAIA, IAi, AA, AO Antigen B Antibody A B, O B, AB IBIB, IBi, BB, BO B AB Antigen A&B None A, B, AB, O AB IAIB, AB O None Antibody A&B O A, B, AB, O ii, OO Rh Blood Group First studied in rhesus monkeys Types Rh positive: Have these antigens present on surface of RBCs Rh negative: Do not have these antigens present Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal RBCs Erythroblastosis Fetalis Plasma 90 % water 10% solutes 6-8% proteins—used in blood clotting & antibody dispersal 2% other stuff Plasma Liquid part of blood Pale yellow made up of 90% water, 10% other Colloid: Liquid containing suspended substances that don’t settle out Albumin: Important in regulation of water movement between tissues and blood Globulins: Immune system or transport molecules Fibrinogen: Responsible for formation of blood clots Hemostasis Arrest of bleeding Events preventing excessive blood loss Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels Platelet plug formation Coagulation or blood clotting Fibrinolysis Clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin Coagulation—Blood Clotting Uses the proteins in the plasma prothrombin (protein)—converted into thrombin (enzyme) by thromboplastin released in platelets Soluble fibrinogen (protein)—converted into strands of insoluble fibrin by thrombin Fibrin makes a mesh of fibers that trap RBCs and platelets to cause the clot. Anticoagulants (antithrombins) Act against thrombin to prevent production of fibrin Heparin—natural anticoagulant (blood thinner) Concept Check What is the difference between clotting and clumping? -clotting is natural; clumping is not & can cause problems Why are there so many steps to clot the blood? -bc they are needed to work together to perform their functions; preventing excessive blood loss What is the use of an anticoagulant? -blood thinner What are the steps of hemostasis? -vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation Diagnostic Blood Tests Type and crossmatch Complete blood count Red blood count Hemoglobin measurement Hematocrit measurement White blood count Differential white blood count Clotting Hematocrit Volume of blood (RBC & WBC) in a given sample Blood Disorders Erythrocytosis: RBC overabundance Anemia: Deficiency of hemoglobin Hemophilia-clotting absent Thrombocytopenia-# of platelets reduced; chronic bleeding Leukemia-cancer of bone marrow; abnormal production of 1 or more WBC types Iron-deficiency Pernicious-inadequate Septicemia-blood poisoning; vitamin B12 spread of microorganisms & Hemorrhagic-loss of blood toxins by blood (ulcer, trauma) Malaria-caused by a protozoan Hemolytic-RBCs rupture; destroyed (plasmodium) by a mosquito Sickle-cell-hereditary; abnormal hemoglobin; shape Infectious mononucleosis-virus that infects lymphocytes (B cells) Hepatitis-infection of the liver by virus