Bloodborne Pathogens
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Transcript Bloodborne Pathogens
Bloodborne Pathogens
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Natural Defenses
Intact skin and mucous membranes in eyes,
nose and mouth keeps germs out.
Mucous membranes trap & force out germs.
Mucous membrane less effective than skin at
keeping germs out of the body.
Inside body germs detected & surrounded
white blood cells, which release antibodies to
fight infection.
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Natural Defenses
Germs sub-classified as:
- bacteria (tetanus) which are non-dependant
& treated with antibiotics.
- virus (measles) which are dependent & few
medications available.
Germs overwhelm immune system and
infection develops.
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What is a BB Pathogen?
Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria & viruses)
carried in blood and causing diseases:
- Malaria
- Brucellosis
- Syphilis
- Hepatitis B(HBV)
- Hepatitis C(HCV)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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Statistics and Standards
Annually millions of workers at risk of
exposure to bloodborne pathogens – human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV – virus causes
AIDS), hepatitis B virus (HBV), & hepatitis C
virus (HCV)
OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogens standard
(1910.1030) prescribes exposure safeguards to
reduce exposure risks.
Hepatitis A not included, not carried in blood.
No MSHA or OSHA-Construction standard
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Exposure Determination
Employees “reasonably anticipated” in job
performance to contact blood and other
potentially infectious materials.
Designated first-aid and CPR trained
employees
“Good Samaritan” acts such as assisting a coworker with a nosebleed would not be
considered occupational exposure.
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BB Pathogen Spread
All four of the following must be met:
- pathogen Present,
- pathogen Quantity sufficient to cause disease,
- pathogen through correct Entry site, &
- person Susceptible.
PQES
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Infection Risk
Risk of infection from accidental bloodborne
exposure varies with:
- pathogen involved,
- exposure type,
- route of infection,
- immune status of recipient,
- amount of involved blood,
- amount of virus in blood, &
- ability of organism to produce disease.
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Pathogen Transmission
Direct contact with infected human blood,
unfixed tissues, & other potentially infectious
bodily fluids such as:
- Saliva
- Vomit
- Urine
- Semen or vaginal secretions,
- Blood transfusion, &
- Bodily fluid visibly contaminated with blood.
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Pathogen Transmission
Indirect contact with infected human blood,
unfixed tissues, & other potentially infectious
bodily fluids on:
- soiled dressing,
- equipment or working surfaces,
- PPE,
- other first-aid items.
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Pathogen Transmission
HBV, HCV and HIV most commonly
transmitted through:
- sexual contact,
- needles or other sharp instruments,
- mothers to babies at/before birth,
- contact between broken/damaged skin &
infected bodily fluids, &
- contact between mucous membranes &
infected bodily fluids.
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Pathogen Transmission
Infected blood or bodily fluid enters through:
- open sores,
- cuts,
- abrasions,
- acne, or
- any sort of damaged or broken skin (e.g.
sunburn or blisters).
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Pathogen Transmission
Through mucous membrane of:
- eyes,
- nose, &
- mouth.
Example – blood/fluids splash to eyes.
HBV, HCV & HIV share common
transmission mode but risk differs.
Most exposures do not result in infection.
No evidence mosquitoes can transfer virus
from person to person.
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HBV Infection Risk
No risk following receipt of vaccine &
immunity development.
Post exposure treatment 24 hours – 7 days.
Susceptible person after cut exposure to blood:
- single exposure 6-30%, &
- positive antigen status means more virus.
Possible risk from exposure of mucous
membrane or nonintact skin.
No known risk from exposure to intact skin.
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HCV Infection Risk
Susceptible person after cut exposure to blood:
- approximately 1.8%.
Unknown following exposure to eyes, nose or
mouth; believed to be very small.
Reported infection from:
- blood splash to eye, &
- nonintact skin exposure.
No known risk from exposure to intact skin.
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HIV Infection Risk
After cut exposure to blood:
- approximately 0.3%.
After exposure to eyes, nose or mouth:
- estimated on average at 0.1%.
After exposure to nonintact skin:
- less than 0.1%.
From needle stick:
- estimated on average at 0.3 – 0.4%.
No cases with small blood amount on intact skin.
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Vaccinations
HBV:
- available since 1982,
- series of 3 shots over 6 months,
- provides protection for 9 or more years,
- 70-88% effective within 1 week of exposure, &
- 90-95% effective
- chronic infection in 6% persons after age 5.
- death from liver disease in 15-25% of persons.
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Vaccinations
HCV:
- treatment thru medications* and therapy, and
- no vaccine currently available.
HIV:
- treatment thru medications, and
- no vaccine currently available.
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Hepatitis B (HBV)
Durable virus, able to survive in dried blood up
to 7 days.
Initial inflammation of the liver, but can lead to
serious conditions (e.g., cirrhosis & cancer).
1 – 9 months before symptoms are noticeable.
Mild flu symptoms – fatigue, appetite loss,
nausea, joint pain & stomach pain.
Progresses to jaundice & darkening of urine.
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Hepatitis B (HBV)
300,000 U.S. individuals (8,700 health care
workers) infected annually; 1 – 2% fatal
Infection does non prevent infection of HAV
or HCV.
Medications available for chronic HBV; only
work for some patients.
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Hepatitis C (HCV)
Most common chronic bloodborne infection
in the United States.
Acute or Chronic
Chronic – insidious, slow & without
symptoms for 2 or more decades.
Symptoms include: jaundice, fatigue,
abdominal pain, loss of appetite, intermittent
nausea, vomiting.
May lead to chronic liver disease, transplant
& death.
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Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV)
HIV virus leading to AIDS.
Depletes immune system (white blood cells).
Opportunistic infections (e.g., TB, pneumonia).
Very fragile & not survive long outside body.
Primary concern to individuals providing first
air or medical care involving fresh blood or
potentially infectious materials.
No threat of contraction through casual contact.
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Infection Prevention
Universal Precautions:
- Treat all blood and bodily fluids as infectious,
- Use of proper PPE,
- Personal hygiene,
- Proper cleanup and decontamination, &
- Proper disposal of all contaminated material.
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Engineering & work Practice
Controls & PPE
Engineering & work practice controls primary
methods used for transmission control (e.g.,
sharps containers),
Work practices:
- Blood and bodily fluids treated as infectious,
- Remove jewelry,
- Personal hygiene, &
- etc.
PPE used in conjunction with engineering &
work place controls.
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Personal Hygiene
Important factor in minimizing exposure
Confine loose clothing or hair
Maintain nail length < ¼ inch long
Hand washing is one of the most important
practices in transmission prevention.
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Hand Washing
Wash hands immediately
after removing PPE.
Use a soft antibacterial soap
Min. 15 sec. including nails
Rinse thoroughly
Antiseptic cleanser, 70%
ethyl alcohol, but wash with
soap and water ASAP.
Frequently sanitize hands
and exposed skin.
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PPE
Anything protecting a
person from exposure
Gloves (latex, nitrile)
- double glove
Face shields
Eye protection
Mask or Respirator
Mouthpieces &
resuscitation devices
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PPE Rules to Remember
Ensure always available
Always wear in exposure situations or when
there are skin openings (breaks, cuts).
Check for age, defects or tears before using
Remove & replace if torn or defective, or lost
ability to function as barrier.
Remove ASAP to prevent contamination.
Cover skin openings prior to donning.
Remove properly & do not reuse
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Recommended PPE
Recommended PPE Against HBV, HCV & HIV Transmission
Activity/ Task
Disposable
Gloves
Gown
Disposable
Mask
Protective
Eyewear
Bleeding w/
spurting blood
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Bleeding w/
minimal blood
Yes
No
No
No
Handle/Clean
contaminated
items
Yes
No, unless
soiling
No
No
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Glove Removal Technique
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Glove Removal Technique
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Exposure Incident
Flush site of blood or OPIM contact (e.g.,
splash to nose, mouth, or skin).
Irrigate eyes with water or saline
Note specifics of contact with blood or OPIM
Notify supervisor and Safety
No infiltrations of mucous membranes
or open skin surfaces, not considered exposure.
Medical evaluation within 1 to 2 hours
according to current medical guidelines!
Post-exposure medical evaluations
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Post-exposure Evaluation
Confidential medical evaluation
Document route of exposure
Identify source individual
Hepatitis B vaccination status
Test source individuals blood
Provide results to exposed employee
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Summary
OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogens standard
prescribes safeguards to protect against blood
and OPIM exposures, & reduce their risk from
this exposure.
Implementation will not only will prevent HBV
cases, but also significantly reduce risk of
contracting HIV, HCV, or bloodborne diseases.
Given our line of work, first aid and CRP
responders are potentially exposed.
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Conclusions
BB pathogen rules in place for your health
Precautions use will remove 1 of 4 PEQS
transmission conditions.
Condition missing, infection not occurring
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