Transcript Immune System

Review
• Cell is internally organized with all the
organelles that perform certain functions
for the cell to survive
• Organisms also have levels of
organization
• Cells – tissues – organs – organ
systems
• Each one of them with different functions
for the body to survive
The different Body Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Circulatory System **
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Excretory System
Muscular and Skeletal System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Reproductive System
Chapter 13
Circulatory System and Immunity
Section 1: Blood – composition and function
Section 2: Circulation – importance and organs
involved
Section 3: Immunity – blood cells defend your
body against diseases
• Production of Blood cells: Blood cells are
produced in the bone marrow, a jellylike
substance inside the bones that is composed
of, among other things, fat, blood, and special
cells that turn into the various kinds of blood
cells.
• Production of Blood cells:
• In children, the marrow of most of the
bones produces blood.
• In adults, only the marrow of certain bones
-- the spine, ribs, pelvis, and some others -continues to make blood.
• Bone marrow that actively produces blood
cells is called red marrow, and bone marrow
that no longer produces blood cells is called
yellow marrow.
Blood Types
• Blood is classified according to
substances present in each type of
blood called antigens.
• Blood can be classified in types A, B,
AB, O and Rh+ or Rh-. ( inherited
traits)
• Ex: antigen A is present in blood type
A
**Antigens – Are proteins that when
introduced into the body stimulates the
production of an antibody
( it is what we call a response from the
immune system).
Antibodies are also proteins
**Antigens include toxins, bacteria,
foreign blood cells, and the cells of
transplanted organs.
**Usually antibodies are specific to the
antigen
• Functions of the blood
• Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Carry waste products to the kidneys
to be removed
• Carry nutrients to the cells
• Fight infections
• Heal wounds
1
Parts of Blood
Red blood cells – oxygen
and carbon dioxide
transportation
White blood cells –
defense and immunity
Platelets – blood clotting
Platelets attach to
the blood vessel
wall e
Platelets release
fibrin and
start sealing the
blood vessel
Fibrin and Red
Blood Cells
seal the blood
vessel wall
Blood
1
Blood Clotting
• fibrin is a substance that forms a net that
traps escaping blood cells and plasma and
forms a clot.
• After the clot becomes hard, skin cells will
multiply and begin the repair process
under the scab
Blood
1
Blood Types and Clotting
• During a blood transfusion, a person
receives donated blood or parts of blood.
• If the wrong type is given, the red blood
cells will clump together.
• Then, clots form in the blood vessels and the
person could die.
Antigens
All
All
Blood
1
The Rh Factor (Rhesus factor)
• Rh factor is a protein present in red blood
cells.
• If a person has this protein, this person has
Rh+ blood, with Rh+ antigens.
Blood
1
The Rh Factor (Rhesus factor)
• Rh+ can only donate blood to Rh+
• Rh- can donate to Rh- and Rh+ - it has no
antigens
Blood
1
The Rh Factor and Pregnancy
• Mother and the baby exchange liquids trough
the placenta during pregnancy, so also a small
amount of blood can mix.
Blood
1
The Rh Factor and Pregnancy
• Mother Rh- and baby Rh+ :
the baby can pass antigens Rh+ to the mother
the mother will produce antibodies that will harm
the baby. Ex:
Anemia, brain damage, death
Blood
1
The Rh Factor and Pregnancy
• to avoid this serious reaction, the mother
receives a shot that stops the production of
antibodies.
1
• Right after the delivery of a baby that is Rh+
and mother Rh-:
• Mothers might need the same shot to avoid
producing antibodies if the baby’s blood comes
in contact with the mother’s blood during the
delivery.
• Why??
1
• In the case of a second pregnancy:
• if the baby is Rh+ and the mother is Rh- and
developed antibodies during the first
pregnancy, the mother can pass these
antibodies the baby.
• The baby might need a blood transfusion to
avoid being hurt.
Mother Rh+ and baby Rhnothing happens
1) Rh- fetus has no Rh antigens to induce
antibody creation Rh+ mother.
2) The fetal immune system is not yet
developed enough to create antibodies to
the mother's Rh+ antigens, so no problem
is created.
Antigens in our blood
antigens and antibodies are specific
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•
•
•
•
Type A has antigens A
Type B has antigens B
Type AB has antigens A and B
Type O has no antigens
Type Rh+ has antigens Rh
Antibodies in the blood
• Usually, antibodies are formed when the
body comes in contact with an antigen.
• For blood is different.
• Our blood has “Naturally Occurring
Antibodies” for antigens A and B
Antibodies in the blood
• “Naturally Occurring Antibodies”:
are absent at birth and start to appear
around 3-6 months as result of
stimulus by bacterial carbohydrates.
Anti – Rh are not naturally occurring.
Antibodies in the blood
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•
•
•
Type A has antibodies Anti-B
Type B has antibodies Anti-A
Type AB has none
Type O has antibodies Anti-A and
Anti-B
Person with Rh- blood will only have anti Rh if at a
certain point this person comes in contact with the
Antigen.
1
Diseases of Blood
• Anemia
• Sickle cell disease
• Leukemia
• Hemophilia
1
Diseases of Blood
• Anemia – common – when the red blood
cells can’t carry enough oxygen to the body
• Reasons – lack of iron, lack of vitamins,
problems in the structure of the red blood
cells.
• Hemoglobin has iron in it and the oxygen
binds to the iron to the transported to the
cells
Sickle Cell Disease
• Inherited
• Very common in African Americans
• Red blood cells have abnormal shape,
become hard and sticky
• Clog small vessels compromising oxygen
distribution and waste removal
Sickle Cell Disease
Consequences
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•
•
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Anemia
Constant infections
Pain where the vessel is clogged
Stroke
• Treatment – bone marrow transplant
Leukemia
• There are different types of white blood
cells
• In Leukemia - one of them is produced
by the body in higher quantities than
necessary
• They are immature cells that can protect
the body against antigens
Leukemia
• clog the bone marrow
• Inhibiting the production of the blood
cells that will carry oxygen, carbon
dioxide or protect the body
Leukemia - Treatment
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•
•
•
Medicines
Blood transfusion
Bone marrow transplants
If the treatment is not efficient – the
person can die due to complications
related to the leukemia
Hemophilia - treatment
1)Hemophilia – plasma lacks one of the
factors that initiate blood clotting
2)No cure, but there is a very effective
treatment
Hemophilia - treatment
3) Factor Replacement Therapy – inject the
missing factor periodically. Frequency of the
treatment depends on the case.
4) Children – is performed as a prophylaxis
treatment – preventive
• Homework on top of the desks
• Test corrections on top of the desk
• One blank piece of paper per group
ABO/Rh Simulated Blood Typing
Objective:
Determine blood type of 4 different
persons
- One side of the class will do W and Y
“persons”
- The other side will do X and Z “persons”
Materials:
•
•
•
•
Blood typing slide wells – 2
Anti-A sera (with antibodies against antigens A)
Anti-sera B ( with antibodies against B)
Anti-Rh sera ( with antibodies against Rh
antigens)
• 4 different samples of “blood”
• Toothpicks
• DO NOT SHAKE THE BOTTLES!!!!!
ABO/Rh Simulated Blood Typing
How is it done?
Antibodies can be isolated from the blood
To test blood type, usually antibodies are
put in contact with the blood being tested.
If the antibody finds the specific antigen –
clumping will occur and we will be able to
determine the blood type.
Possible results for the table :
+ or • Anti-sera A has antibodies against
antigens A
• If you mix anti-sera A with blood A……
• Is it going to clump?????
• If it clumps : write + on your table
• If it does not clump: write -
Possible results
• Look at your worksheet:
• On the table – write + or – as a result.
• If the results is + , it clumps and liquid
looks thick and white
• If the result is - , it will not clump
Procedure
1) Put the two slides on top of a piece of
paper.
2) Write on the paper, on top of the slide
the letter W, X, Y or Z, depending of the
blood you are testing
Procedure –
wait 4 minutes for the final result
1) Place THREE drops of the “blood” on each well,
in each slide – give the blood to the group
behind you
2) Place THREE drops of anti-sera A on the well A
– for both slides - give to the group behind you
3) Place THREE drops of anti-sera B on the well B
– for both slides - give to the group behind you
4) Repeat for Anti-Rh
• Write your results on the board – so the
others can copy
• Complete your table
• Complete your report and turn it in
• Open your book on page 370 – complete
the section review
• Lab
Homework
Workbook page 47
Section Review book page 370
Section Check
Section 3
Immunity
***Immunology:
The branch of science that studies of all
aspects of the immune system
Immune System ( not in the book)
**Complex group of defenses that protects the
human body from any external agent ( antigens)
that can cause diseases.
**Antigens - A substance that when
introduced into the body stimulates the
production of an antibody
**Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign
blood cells, and the cells of transplanted
organs.
Antigens that cause diseases = pathogens
Immunity
3
There are different lines of defense in our
body:
• First-line defense and second-line defense
• First – line is more generic and will work
against any pathogen
• If the pathogen passes the first line
• Second-line will act against it
• Second –line of defense is more
specific to the pathogen
• The second line of defense is your
Immune System, that will produce
antibodies specific to the antigen
Immunity
3
1) How can your skin protect you from
antigens?
2) How can your respiratory system protect
you from antigens?
3) How can your digestive system protect you
from antigens?
3
How can your skin protect you from
antigens?
• Perspiration from the skin contains acidic
substances that can slow the growth of
some pathogens.
• Secretion from oil glands – acidic
• The skin itself is a barrier
3
How can your resp. system can
protect you from antigens?
• traps pathogens with:
• hair like structures, called cilia inside your
nose
• And with mucus.
• Mucus contains an enzyme that weakens the
cell walls of some pathogens.
3
How can your digestive system protect
you from antigens?
• Hydrochloric acid solution in the stomach
can kill bacteria
• Saliva has some substances that kill bacteria
• Enzymes can destroy pathogens
• Mucus can coat bacteria and avoid them to
harming any digestive organs
3
Circulatory System
• Your circulatory system fight antigens in two
different ways:
1) Some white blood surround and digest
antigens (chemicals - non specific)
2) Other types of white cells will synthetize
the antibodies ( specific)
Ex: Lymphocytes ( B-cells) (in blood and
lymph)
3
Types of white cells
Monocyte – image from a electron
transmission microscope
Neutrophils
White cell engulfing an antigen
• What is the difference between active
and passive immunity?
• Observing different blood cells in the
microscope
• workbook page 49
3
Immunity: 2 types
• Active immunity your body makes its
own antibodies in response to an antigen.
3
Vaccination – Type of Active Immunity
• A vaccine is when the inactive antigen is
injected in your body to prevent you from
getting a disease.
• Your body will produce antibodies against
that antigen, and you will have active
immunity against that disease.
Immunity
3
Passive Immunity
•Passive immunity is when antibodies that
have been produced in another animal or
synthetized in labs are introduced into your
body.
•Example:
Immunity
3
• Antibodies received from the mother to
the baby during the pregnancy.
• They will protect you for a short period of
time .
• It is important to be vaccinated
• Observing different blood cells in the
microscope
• workbook page 49
• Section 4
• Diseases
Diseases
4
Disease in History
• Throughout time, the
plague, smallpox, and
influenza have killed
millions of people
worldwide.
• Even today, some diseases
cannot be cured, and
outbreaks of new diseases,
such as severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS), occur.
Diseases
4
Discovering Disease Organisms
• With the invention of the microscope in
the latter part of the seventeenth century,
bacteria, yeast, and mold spores were seen
for the first time.
• The French chemist Louis Pasteur learned
that microorganisms cause disease in
humans.
Diseases
4
Discovering Disease Organisms
• Pasteur discovered that microorganisms
could spoil wine and milk.
• He then realized that
microorganisms
could attack the
human body in the
same way.
Diseases
4
Discovering Disease Organisms
• Pasteur invented pasteurization (pas chuh
ruh ZAY shun), which is the process of
heating a liquid to a
temperature that kills
most bacteria.
Diseases
4
Disease Organisms
• Bacteria and viruses cause many common
diseases.
Diseases
4
Pathogens
• Bacteria can slow down the normal growth
and metabolic activities of body cells and
tissues.
• Some bacteria even
produce toxins that
kill cells on
contact.
Diseases
4
Pathogens
• A virus infects and multiplies in host cells.
• The host cells die
when the viruses
break out of them.
Diseases
4
Pathogens
• Pathogenic protests, such as the
organisms that cause malaria, can destroy
tissues and blood cells or interfere with
normal body functions.
• Fungus infections can cause athlete’s
foot, nonhealing wounds, chronic lung
disease, or inflammation of the
membranes of the brain.
Diseases
4
Infectious Diseases
• A disease that is caused by a virus, bacterium,
protist, or fungus and is spread from an infected
organism or the environment to another
organism is called an infectious disease.
• Infectious diseases are spread by direct
contact with the infected organism, through
water and air, on food, by contact with
contaminated objects, and by diseasecarrying organisms called biological vectors.
Diseases
4
Human Vectors
• Colds and many other
diseases are spread
through contact.
• Each time you turn a
doorknob or use a
telephone, your skin
comes in contact with bacteria and viruses,
which is why washing your hands frequently
should be part of your daily routine.
Diseases
4
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Infectious diseases that are passed from
person to person during sexual contact are
called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
• Gonorrhea (gah nuh REE uh), chlamydia
(kluh MIH dee uh), and syphilis (SIH fuh
lus) are STDs caused by bacteria.
Diseases
4
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• If they are untreated, gonorrhea and
chlamydia can leave a person sterile because
the reproductive organs can be damaged
permanently.
• Untreated syphilis may infect cardiovascular
and nervous systems, resulting in damage to
body organs that cannot be reversed.
Diseases
4
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Genital herpes, a lifelong viral disease,
causes painful blisters on the sex organs.
• Herpes has no cure, and no vaccine can
prevent it. However, the symptoms of herpes
can be treated with antiviral medicines.
Diseases
4
HIV and Your Immune System
• Human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) can exist
in blood and body
fluids.
• You can become
infected with HIV by
having sex with an HIV-infected person or by
reusing an HIV-contaminated hypodermic
needle for an injection.
Diseases
4
HIV and Your Immune System
• A pregnant woman with HIV can infect
her child when the virus passes through
the placenta.
• The child also may become infected
from contacts with blood during the birth
process or when nursing after birth.
Diseases
4
HIV and Your Immune System
• The virus cannot be transmitted by touching
an infected person, by handling objects used
by the person unless they are contaminated
with body fluids, or from contact with a
toilet seat.
Diseases
4
AIDS
• An HIV infection can lead to Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS),
which is a disease that attacks the body’s
immune system.
• HIV attacks the helper T cells in the
immune system.
Diseases
4
AIDS
• When the infected cell bursts open, it releases
more HIV.
• Soon, so many T cells are destroyed that not
enough B cells are stimulated to produce
antibodies.
• The body no longer has an effective way to
fight invading antigens.
Diseases
4
Fighting Disease
• Washing a small wound with soap and water
is the first step in preventing an infection.
• Cleaning the
wound with an
antiseptic and
covering it with
a bandage are
other steps.
Diseases
4
Fighting Disease
• In your mouth, microorganisms are
responsible for mouth odor and tooth decay.
• Using dental floss and routine tooth brushing
keep these organisms under control.
Diseases
4
Healthy Choices
• Good health habits, including getting enough
rest and eating well-balanced meals, can
make you less susceptible to the actions of
disease organisms such as those that cause
colds and flu.
• Keeping up with recommended
immunizations and having annual health
checkups also can help you stay healthy.
Diseases
4
Chronic Disease
• Diseases and disorders such as diabetes,
allergies, asthma, cancer, and heart disease
are noninfectious diseases.
• Many are chronic (KRAH nihk). This
means that they can last for a long time.
Diseases
4
Chronic Disease
• Some infectious diseases can be chronic too.
• Deer ticks carry a
bacterium that causes
Lyme disease.
• This bacterium can
affect the nervous
system, heart, and joints
for weeks to years. It
can become chronic if
not treated.
Diseases
4
Allergies
• An allergy is an overly
strong reaction of the
immune system to a
foreign substance.
• Most allergic reactions
are minor.
Diseases
4
Allergies
• Substances that cause
an allergic response are
called allergens.
• Some chemicals, certain
foods, pollen, molds,
some antibiotics, and
dust are allergens for
some people.
Diseases
4
Allergies
• When you come in contact with an
allergen, your immune system usually
forms antibodies.
• Your body reacts by releasing chemicals
called histamines (HIHS tuh meenz) that
promote red, swollen, tissues.
Diseases
4
Diabetes
• A chronic disease associated with the
levels of insulin produced by the pancreas
is diabetes.
• Type 1 diabetes is the result of too little or
no insulin production.
• In Type 2 diabetes, your body cannot
properly process insulin.
• Symptoms of diabetes include fatigue,
excessive thirst, frequent urination, and
tingling sensations in the hands and feet.
Diseases
4
Cancer
• Cancer is the name given to a group of closely
related diseases that result from uncontrolled
cell growth.
• Characteristics
of cancer cells
are shown in
this table.
Diseases
4
Causes
• Although not all the causes of cancer are
known, many causes have been identified.
• Smoking has been linked to lung cancer—
the leading cause of cancer deaths for
males in the Unites States.
• Exposure to X rays, nuclear radiation, and
ultraviolet radiation of the Sun also
increases your risk of cancer.
Diseases
4
Prevention
• Knowing some
causes of cancer
might help you
prevent it.
• The first step is to
know the early
warning signs.
Diseases
4
Prevention
• Medical
attention and
treatments such
as chemotherapy
or surgery in the
early stages of
some cancers
can cure or keep
them inactive.
Diseases
4
Prevention
• Choosing not to use tobacco and alcohol
products can help prevent mouth and lung
cancers and the other associated respiratory
and circulatory system diseases.
• Selecting a healthy diet without many
foods that are high in fats, salt, and sugar
also might reduce your changes of
developing cancer.
Section Check
4
Question 1
When you have a cold, what type of disease
pathogen has caused you to be sick?
A. bacterium
B. protist
C. fungus
D. virus
Section Check
4
Answer
The correct answer is D. Viruses also cause
influenza, AIDS, measles, mumps, and many
other common diseases.
Section Check
4
Question 2
What is a biological vector?
Answer
Biological vectors are disease carrying
organisms. For example, mosquitoes in some
parts of the world carry the disease malaria.
Section Check
4
Question 3
Which of these is one way a person could
become infected with HIV?
A. by reusing an HIV contaminated
hypodermic needle
B. by shaking hands with an infected person
C. from a book touched by an infected person
D. from a toilet seat
Section Check
4
Answer
The correct answer is A. HIV also can be
transmitted from person to person during sex
if one of them is infected with the virus.
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