Transcript Notes - Belle Vernon Area School District

Epidemiology & Public Health
I. Descriptive Terms
A. ____________________ – Study of frequency and
distribution of diseases.
1. World’s Population
a. Crowding
b. Social Unrest
c. rapid transportation of diseases
d. Mass distribution of food & supplies
that may contain pathogens.
B. ___________ – Disease that are constantly present in a
given population.
C. ___________ – Usually large number of cases in a
population.
(Flu & Pneumonia).
D. ___________ – Fraction of people who have the disease in
a given population.
(100 people out of 5,000: City)
(100 people out of 1,000:Rural)
E. ___________– Number of cases developing the out of 100
people exposed.
F. ___________– Number of cases divided by the population
at risk.
(Flu is increasing)
G. ___________– Number of cases dying from the disease.
(AIDS, Ebola is increasing)
H. ___________– Number of new cases in a specific time
period in a given population.
I. ___________– Total number of existing cases in a given
population.
J. Communicable Disease – Diseases that can be transmitted
from person to person (Flu, measles).
K. ___________ Non transmitted. (Pneumonia-inhalation of
normal flora).
L. ___________– Subsides rapidly – Flu
M. ___________– Symptoms persists (Maybe for years)
1 ___________– have symptoms
2. ___________ – no symptoms
N. ___________ – remains inactive for a period of time.
(cold sore).
II. Spread of Diseases
A. Requirements
1. Suitable ___________ to live & multiply.
2. Mode of ___________ to next host.
3. Appropriate ___________ to enter new host.
B. Reservoir
___________ or source of an organism
a. ___________ – Salmonella
b. ___________ - Rabies
c. ___________ l - Botulism, Tetani
C. Carrier
___________ people and ___________ the disease
a. Short term
b. Chronic
D. ___________ Disease
Transmitted to humans by ___________ - Rabies
E. How can disease spread
1. ___________ Transmission
a. ___________ in environment – Syphilis – close intimate
contact.
b. ___________– Infectious dose- Shigella – only 100
c. ___________– less than 1 meter
1. ___________, coughing, ___________, singing
2. ___________– schools, barracks
beds & desks are more then 4 ft apart (810)
3. ___________
4. ___________– Mother to newborn – Syphilis,
Rubella, Herpes
2. ___________ ___________
a. Passing through an ___________ object
(___________).
Clothing, tabletops. Doorknobs
3. ___________ or ___________– Infect the GI tract
4. ___________
a. ___________– 1 or 2 microorganism in a small
droplet.
b. May stay ___________ ___________.
c. ___________(skin cells)
d. Usual Conditions
1. ___________ - good ventilation, except highly
infectious agents (chicken pox, measles).
2. ___________ – bad because of movements
pumps air around.
3. ____ – Pathogens may grow in AC water &
spread when turned on.
4. Difficult to control
5. ___________
a. ___________, ___________,
b. ___________ – insect control
6. ___________– may determine the outcomes of the disease.
a. ___________ bladder infection, no GI infection if
ingested.
b. ___________ – hand shake- only infect if ingested.
Respiratory – coughing – inhaled
c. ___________ (injection) - fleas, rodents
Bubonic plague – lymph
7. Other influencing Factors
a. ___________ {Period – length of time to exposure to tie of
symptoms
1. AIDS –long
2. Typhoid Fever – exposed to drinking water
b. ___________– small vs large amounts
1. typhoid Fever – 1,000,000 for symptoms
c. ___________ – Prior exposure
1. Herd immunity – majority of population has immunity – non
immune protected.
d. ___________, ___________, ___________
e. ___________
1. ___________ may be by ___________ – Africans immune to
malaria because RBC’s lack receptors.
f. ___________
III. Infectious Disease Surveillance
A. ___________
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________–Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report
(MMRW)
4. Reports ___________
a. 52 new diseases
1. Malaria
2. Aids
5. ___________
a. TB
b. Chicken Pox
c. Measles
d. Mumps
B. ___________
1. Health Labs, Public School,
Hospitals
2. Report disease back to the CDC
C. ______________________– WHO
1. Targets disease for eradication
IV. Infectious Disease Control
A. ___________
B. ___________– Hot bed for contagious diseases
1. Young children- little ___________
2. Updates on ___________
3. ___________ & ___________ Trained Staff
C. Hospital
1. ______________________– Infection during
hospitalization
a. ___________- 1 million cases = 6 Billion
dollars/yr.
b. Hospital population is ___________
c. Bacteria by accident
1. ___________
2. Open wounds - ___________
3. ___________cleaned tools
2. Maybe ___________ by the staff.
3. ___________drug resistance
The Progress of an Infection
A. Pathogenicity
1. _______ or opportunistic pathogens
2. ________ and virulence factors
B. Step one -Becoming __________ Portals of entry
C. Step Two - ____________ to the host
1. How pathogens attach (___________).
D. Step three - ______________ host defenses
1. How microbes escape phagocytosis
a. __________________
b. ___________or ________ formation
c. Survival ________ phagocytes after
ingestion
Establishment of Infection

In order to cause disease pathogen
must follow a series of steps
__________________
 __________________
 Delivery of _______________ molecules

Establishment of Infection

Adherence



Pathogen must adhere to
host cells to establish
infection
Bacteria use _________
 Often located at the top of
______ or _______
Binding of __________ to
host cells receptors is highly
specific
 Often _____________ type
of cell to which bacteria
can attach
Establishment of Infection

Colonization
Organism must _________ in order to colonize
 New organisms must ___________ with
established organisms for nutrients and space

 New
organism must also overcome
_______________ products produced by existing
organisms as well as host immune responses

Microbes have developed counterstrategies
including rapid turnover of pili
 Some
organisms produce iron-binding molecules
called ___________________

Compete with host proteins for circulating iron
Establishment of Infection

Delivery of effector molecules to
host cells

After colonization some bacteria
are able to deliver molecules
_____________ to host
 Induce changes to recipient
cell that include


_________ of microvilli
_________ uptake of bacterial
cell.
Causing disease
1. How virulence factors contribute to tissue damage
a. Extracellular enzymes (exoenzymes)
i. ____________
ii. ____________
iii. ____________
v. ____________; ____________
b. Bacterial toxins: A potent source of cellular damage
i. ____________
ii. ____________
iii. ____________
iv. ____________
v. ____________
vi. ____________
c. Inducing an injurious host response
Principles of Infectious Disease

Distribution of pathogen

Infections often described according to distribution within
the body
____________
 Infection limited to small area
 Example: boil

____________ or generalized
Agent has spread or disseminated throughout the body
 Example:measles
____________
 Toxins circulating in blood
____________
 Viruses circulating in blood
____________
 Acute life-threatening illness causes by infectious agent or their
products circulating in blood

Signs and symptoms: Warning signals of disease
1. Sign
2. Symptom
3. Syndrome
4. Signs and symptoms of inflammation
a. ____________
b. Granulomas and ____________
c. Lymphadenitis
d. ____________
e. Lesion
5. Signs of infection in the blood
a. ____________
b. Leukopenia
c. Septicemia____________that go unnoticed
a. ____________
b. ____________ or inapparent
Swine Flu Brochures
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Title page, picture.
What is H1N1.
How does it spread.
How long can an infected person spread the viruses?
Signs and symptoms of swine flu.
What to do if you get H1N1.
What to do to protect yourself from getting the H1N1.
Warning signs for both children and adults.
Treatment for H1N1.
How long can the H1N1 remain of objects
(doorknobs, keyboards, desks, books, etc…).
Site sources and places to get more information
about swine flu.