Transcript chapter 8
IMMUNE SYSTEM • THE BODY’S DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS • ALSO REMOVES DEAD AND DAMAGED CELLS • DESTROYS CELLS THAT ARE NOT FUNCTIONING NORMALLY THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE • THE SKIN AND THE SUBSTANCES IT PRODUCES FORM A BARRIER BETWEEN THE BODY AND IT’S SURROUNDINGS • PROTECTIVE REFLEXES SUCH AS COUGHING OR SNEEZING ENTRANCE OF DISEASE • SOME DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS ENTER THROUGH A RIP OR TEAR IN THE SKIN • SOME ARE INHALED THROUGH THE AIR – MUCUS AND CILIA TRAP AND GET RID OF MOST • SOME ENTER THROUGH THE MOUTH – SALIVA IS LOADED WITH INVADERKILLING CHEMICALS – STOMACH ACID GET THOSE THAT GET PAST THE SALIVA THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE THE BODY INCREASES THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE AREA BEING ATTACKED – TINY WHITE BLOOD CELLS ATTACK INVADING ORGANISMS AND GOBBLE THEM UP – WHITE BLOOD CELLS LEAVE THE BLOOD AND ENTER NEARBY TISSUE – LARGER WHITE BLOOD CELLS SOON JOIN THEM DESTROYING HARMFUL BACTERIA INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE • DEAD BLOOD CELLS AND BACTERIA – SKIN BECOMES RED AND SWOLLEN JUST BELOW THE SURFACE – IT IS HOTTER THAN THE SURROUNDING SKIN INFLAMMATION AROUND SPIDER BITE INTERFERON • PRODUCED BY THE BODY CELLS WHEN ATTACKED BY A VIRUS – INTERFERES WITH THE REPRODUCTION OF THE VIRUS THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE • ANTIBODIES – PROTEINS MADE BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM – SOME ARE ATTACHED TO CERTAIN TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS – OTHERS FLOAT AROUND IN THE BLOOD • DESTROY HARMFUL INVADERS • ATTACK A SPECIFIC KIND OF INVADER ANTIBODY ATTACKING AN INVADER • ANTIGEN – ANTIBODY GENERATOR – SHAPED LIKE A “T” • WHEN ACTIVE, SHAPED LIKE A “Y” THAT BINDS IT TO THE ANTIGEN • PREVENTS INVADERS FROM ATTACKING THE CELLS ANTIGENS • THE ATTACHMENT OF ANTIBODIES SLOW DOWN THE BACTERIA, FUNGI, OR PROTOZOANS – THEY ARE THEN GOBBLED UP BY THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS SOME ANTIBODIES BLAST A HOLE IN THE OUTER COVERING OF THE INVADER’S CELLS ACTIVE “T” CELL IMMUNITY • THE NEXT TIME THE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADES – THE “T” CELLS WILL BE READY AND YOU WILL NOT GET SICK • IMMUNITY – RESISTANCE TO A DISEASE ORGANISM OR HARMFUL SUBSTANCE ACTIVE IMMUNITY • YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONDS TO AN ANTIGEN • YOU GET THE DISEASE ONCE BABY WITH CHICKEN POX VACCINATION ANTIGENS ARE DELIBERTELY INTRODUCED TO STIMULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM – DEVELOPED FROM DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS THAT ARE KILLED OR WEAKENED – MOST INTRODUCED BY INJECTION • SOME LIKE SABIN POLIO ARE TAKEN THROUGH THE MOUTH DR. SAULK • LENGTH OF IMMUNITY VARIES WITH THE DISEASE • BOOSTER SHOT – REMINDS THE BODY TO INCREASE PRODUCTION OF ANITBODIES PASSIVE IMMUNITY • GET ANTIBODIES FROM ANOTHER SOURCE – MOTHER TO UNBORN CHILD THROUGH THE PLACENTA – CAN BE FROM AN ANIMAL LIKE A HORSE • ANTIBODIES REMOVED FROM THE ANIMAL AND INJECTED INTO HUMAN IMMUNE DISORDERS • SOMETIMES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BECOMES OVERLY SENSITIVE TO A FOREIGN SUBSTANCE • CAN BE FOOLED BY INVADERS THAT HIDE WITHIN IT’S CELLS ALLERGIES • OVERLY SENSITIVE TO CERTAIN SUBSTANCES – ALLERGENS • ANTIBODIES ARE PRODUCED THAT RELEASE HISTAMINES • HISTAMINES – CHEMICALS RESPONSIBLE FOR SYMPTOMS – GET SOME RELIEF FROM ANTIHISTAMINES AIDS ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICENCY SYNDROME DISCOVERED IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1983 HIV HUMAN IMMUNE VIRUS • HIV ENTERS THE BODY AND ATTACKS THE “T” CELLS • HIV EVADES ANTIBODIES BY GROWING WITHIN THE CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ONCE INSIDE A “T” CELL – IT REPRODUCES AND DESTROYS THE “T” CELL KAPOSIS SARCOMA • THE RESULT OF “T” CELLS BEING DESTROYED IS THE BODY ALLOWS DISEASE-CAUSING INVADERS TO GROW AND MULTIPLY – THESE REPEATED ATTACKS OF DISEASE WEAKENS AND EVENTUALLY KILLS PEOPLE • HIV IS SPREAD BY DIRECT CONTACT OF BODILY FLUIDS WITH AN INFECTED PERSON – THERE IS AN ALARMING INCREASE OF AIDS AMONG SEXUALLY ACTIVE TEENAGERS – SHARING NEEDLES CAN SPREAD THE DISEASE – UNBORN BABIES CAN GET IT FROM THEIR MOTHERS • PRIOR TO 1985 – CONTAMINATED BLOOD SPREAD THE DISEASE THROUGH TRANSFUSSIONS – MANDATORY SCREENING IS NOW IN PLACE DISEASES INFECTIOUS DISEASE • TRANSMITTED AMONG PEOPLE • CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY ANIMALS, AND NON-LIVING THINGS TOO ANIMALS • ANIMALS CAN SPREAD DISEASE TO PEOPLE – TICKS – LYME AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER – MAMMALS AND BIRDS - RABIES TICKS FOOD AND WATER • FOOD POISONING – FOOD CONTAMINATED WITH A CERTAIN BACTERIA • POOR SANITATION – HEPATITIS, CHOLERA, AND TYPHOID FEVER MICROORGANISMS • • • • BACTERIA VIRUSES PROTOZOANS FUNGI • A COUGH OR SNEEZE EXPELS DROPLETS OF MOISTURE THAT MAY CONTAIN DISEASE-CAUSING MICROORGANISMS – SNEEZE – 5,000 DROPLETS TRAVEL AS FAR AS 3.7 METERS – IF YOU ARE NEAR YOU WILL BREATHE IN THESE DROPLETS EPIDEMIC VERY CONTAGIOUS DISEASE THAT SWEEPS THROUGH AN AREA VIRUSES • THE COMMON COLD, MEASLES, CHICKEN POX, INFLUENZA, AND MONONUCLEOSIS • TINY PARTICLES INVADE LIVING CELLS – TAKE CONTROL OVER ALL ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL – USES THE CELL’S FUEL SUPPLY AND REPRODCUTIVE MACHINERY RUBELLA (MEASELS) CHICKEN POX VIRUS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES • VIRUSES SPREAD THROUGH SEXUAL CONTACT – AIDS – GONORRHEA BACTERIA • MOST ARE HARMLESS TO HUMANS • INFECT TISSUES OF BODY DIRECTLY – TUBERCULOSIS – GROWS INSIDE LUNG TISSUE – CAUSES DIFFICULTY AND PAIN IN BREATHING TUBERCULOSIS IN THE LUNG • SOME PRODUCE TOXINS – TETANUS – LIVES IN DIRT • ENTERS THROUGH BREAKS IN THE SKIN • MUSCLES AFFECTED CAUSING VIOLENT CONTRACTIONS ESPECIALLY OF THE JAW (LOCKJAW) NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES • NOT CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMS • CAUSED BY SUBSTANCES THAT HARM OR IRRITATE THE BODY – NOT EATING A BLANCED DIET – WORRY OR TENSION IMMUNE SYSTEM FAILS TO FUNCTION PROPERLY CANCER • CAUSED BY CARCINOGENS • SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH OF NONINFECTIOUS DISEASE • CELLS MULTIPLY UNCONTROLLABLY DESTROYING HEALTHY TISSUE • THE BODY’S OWN CELLS CAUSE THE DISEASE SKIN CANCER THE CONTROL THAT REGULATES CELL GROWTH MALFUNCTIONS TUMOR • MASS OF TISSUE – BENIGN – NOT CANCEROUS – MALIGNANT – CANCEROUS • DESTROYS SURROUNDING TISSUE • BREAKS AWAY AND IS CARRIED BY THE BLOOD TO OTHER BODY PARTS WHERE IT STARTS TO GROW • DEVELOPS BECAUSE OF REPEATED OR PROLONGED CONTACT WITH CARCINOGENS – SOME ARE INHERITED TREATMENT EARLY DETECTION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT WEAPON – SURGERY – REMOVE TUMOR BEFORE IT SPREADS – RADIATION THERAPY – DESTROYS CANCER CELLS – CHEMOTHERAPY – USE CHEMICALS TO DESTROY CANCER CELLS ALL TREATMENTS CAN BE USED SEPARATELY OR IN COMBINATION • RADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY CAN INJURE NORMAL CELLS – SIDE EFFECTS – NAUSEA AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES • STRENGTHENS THE BODY’S IMMUNE SYSTEM – JOIN CANCER CELLS WITH ANTIBODYPRODUCING WHITE BLOOD CELLS DIABETES MELLITUS • BODY SECRETES TOO LITTLE INSULIN OR IS UNABLE TO USE THE INSULIN IT DOES SECRETE • WITHOUT INSULIN – SUGAR CANNOT BE USED BY THE CELLS TO PRODUCE ENERGY – THE BODY WILL USE IT’S OWN TISSUE FOR FOOD SYMPTOMS • LOSS OF WEIGHT • EXCESS URINE PRODUCTION • WEAKNESS • EXTREME HUNGER AND THIRST JUVENILE ONSET • USUALLY IN PEOPLE UNDER 25 – LITTLE OR NO SECRETION OF INSULIN – TREATMENT – DAILY INJECTIONS OF INSULIN AND A STRICT DIET ADULT ONSET • THE BODY CANNOT USE THE INSULIN • NORMAL AMOUNT SECRETED • USUALLY CONTROLLED BY DIET