Transcript Homeostatic dysfunctions

Homeostatic dysfunctions
HBS3A
Causes of disruption 1
1. Hormonal
This involves damage or dysfunction to glands or
hormones eg
In Diabetes mellitus the problem is
Type I diabetes is
Type II diabetes is
Hypothyroidism is
Hyperthyroidism is
Causes of disruption 1
1. Hormonal
This involves damage or dysfunction to glands or hormones eg
diabetes, hyperthyroidism
In Diabetes mellitus the problem is hyperglycaemia caused by
insufficient insulin or insufficient response to insulin
Type I diabetes is Juvenile diabetes and involves damage to the islets
of Langerhans and a reduction in insulin production
Type II diabetes is mature onset diabetes and involves receptors
becoming less sensitive to insulin
Hypothyroidism is low thyroxine production
Hyperthyroidism is excess thyroxine production
Causes of disruption 2
2. Behavioural or lifestyle
In many cases, lifestyle decisions can effect the
functioning of the body leading to homeostatic
disruption. Some examples of lifestyle choices that
can disrupt homeostatic systems include
• Drugs
• Eating habits
• Excessive activity
Drugs
Name of drug
Alcohol
Amphetamines
Caffeine
Cocaine
Codeine
Ecstasy,
MDMA
Heroin
Marijuana
Nicotine
Steroids
Effects
Drugs
Name of drug
Effects
Alcohol
CNS depressant  relaxation, loss of inhibitions, euphoria, lowered
coordination, slurred speech, unconsciousness, death
Impotence, ulcers, malnutrition, cancers – liver, throat, stomach, brain damage
Amphetamines
CNS stimulant  increased alertness, excitation, restlessness, insomnia,
hallucinations, death
Reduced appetite, dilation of pupils, increased chance of psychosis
Caffeine
CNS stimulant  increased alertness, excitation, restlessness, insomnia
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Cocaine
CNS stimulant
Exhilaration, sweating, pallor, erratic behaviour, insomnia, hallucinations, death
If snorted – damage to nose
May be cut with other substances (eg flour, glass, etc) which could be fatal
Codeine
CNS depressant  relaxation, pain relief, decreased alertness
Drugs
Name of drug
Effects
Ecstasy,
MDMA
Could be anything
Ecstacy – dehydration, anxiety, sweating, increased heart rate, increased
temperature, hallucinations, panic attacks, liver damage, psychosis, depression,
impotence
May be cut with other drugs  fatal
Heroin
CNS depressant  relaxation, euphoria, pain relief, decreased alertness,
depressed breathing, coma, death
Lethargy, constipation, weight loss, impotence, withdrawal
If injected – risks of infectious disease (eg HIV, hepatitis), vein damage
May be cut with other substances (eg flour, glass, etc) which could be fatal
Marijuana
CNS depressant  relaxation, euphoria, panic attack, stupor, hallucinations
Increased appetite, large pupils, dry mouth, increased heart rate, chronic fatigue
If smoked - impaired breathing, increased risk of lung cancer and respiratory
disease
Nicotine
CNS stimulant
Relaxation, increased heart rate & blood pressure, drop in skin temperature,
headache, loss of appetite, impaired breathing, increased risk of lung cancer,
respiratory and cardiovascular disease
Steroids
Increased strength and endurance, increased muscle mass
Problems with immunity, cardiovascular disease, infertility
Drug effects
Two common effects of drugs on the nervous system include reduction in CNS
activity (CNS depressants) or an increase in CNS activity (CNS stimulants).
Central nervous system depressants eg alcohol, h_________, m_____________
are often used because
and can lead to
Central nervous system stimulants eg cocaine, MDMA, a_______________,
n__________ are often used because
and can lead to
Another group of commonly used drugs are the steroids eg
are often used because
and can lead to
Some drugs can cause damage to body systems that act as effectors (eg kidneys,
lungs) and so can prevent normal function. Examples include smoking, alcohol,
Smoking can lead to
Excessive alcohol can lead to
Drug effects
Two common effects of drugs on the nervous system include reduction in CNS activity (CNS
depressants) or an increase in CNS activity (CNS stimulants).
Central nervous system depressants eg alcohol, heroin, marijuana are often used because of
stress, or as relaxants or for social reasons
and can lead to addiction, depression, brain damage and death
Central nervous system stimulants eg cocaine, MDMA, amphetamines, nicotine are often
used because of a need for excitement, or keeping awake or more alert
and can lead to addiction, over-stimulation of the body – restlessness, insomnia
Another group of commonly used drugs are the steroids eg cortisone
are often used because of pain (anti-inflammatory) or to boost muscle growth
and can lead to problems with the immune system, fertility and kidney disease,
Some drugs can cause damage to body systems that act as effectors (eg kidneys, lungs) and
so can prevent normal function. Examples include smoking, alcohol, drugs used
intravenously
Smoking can lead to emphysema and lung cancer
Excessive alcohol can lead to liver damage, brain damage, increased risk of cardiovascular
disease
Eating habits
Eating habits
Although eating is an essential part of life, many people either eat too much,
too little, or have an insufficient dietary intake of essential nutrients.
Over eating can lead to o____________. This can cause problems such as
Under eating can lead to
Deficiency diseases can occur if
Examples include
• Scurvy
• Rickets or osteoporosis
• Anaemia
• Iodine deficiency
• Vitamin K deficiency
Eating habits
Eating habits
Although eating is an essential part of life, many people either eat too much,
too little, or have an insufficient dietary intake of essential nutrients.
Over eating can lead to obesity. This can cause problems such as
cardiovascular disease and diabetes
Under eating can lead to excessive weight loss, anorexia and deficiency
diseases
Deficiency diseases can occur if insufficient nutrients are eaten eg vitamins or
minerals
Examples include
• Scurvy – lack of Vitamin C
• Rickets or osteoporosis – lack of Vitamin D or calcium
• Anaemia – lack of Vitamin B or iron
• Iodine deficiency – can contribute to hypothyroidism
• Vitamin K deficiency – clotting disorders
Excessive activity
Excessive activity
Overexercise can cause damage to
and disruptions to homeostasis such as
Amennorrhoea is
and can
Other problems often seen with excessive activity include:
Heat exhaustion refers to
Symptoms include
Heat stroke refers to
Symptoms include
Hypothermia refers to
Symptoms include
Excessive activity
Excessive activity
Overexercise can cause damage to tendons, muscles, ligaments, cartilage and joints
and disruptions to homeostasis such as calcium balance, eating patterns,
menstrual/ovarian cycle
Amennorrhoea is cessation of menstruation
and can increase risk of osteoporosis (and infertility problems)
Other problems often seen with excessive activity include:
Heat exhaustion refers to collapse due to a reduction in blood pressure due to extreme
sweating and vasodilation
Symptoms include collapse, sweating, low blood pressure, normal temperature
Heat stroke refers to increased body temperature due to high activity in hot (and humid)
conditions
Symptoms include increased body temperature, confusion, collapse, unconsciousness,
death
Hypothermia refers to low body temperature
Symptoms include low body temperature, stupor, coma, death
Disease
3. Disease
Damage or dysfunction to body structures eg emphysema, kidney
In some cases these disruptions are congenital or inherited eg
Treatments for homeostatic disruption include
Risks and concerns with these treatments include
• ethical
•
religious
•
medical
•
equity
Informed consent refers to
Disease
3. Disease
Damage or dysfunction to body structures eg emphysema, kidney
In some cases these disruptions are congenital or inherited eg diabetes
Treatments for homeostatic disruption include drugs, hormonal replacement
Risks and concerns with these treatments include
• ethical - moral
•
religious - belief
•
medical – benefits & side-effects
•
equity – eg cost, availability
Informed consent refers to making a decision about a treatment after being given
sufficient information about the benefits and problems associated with it