Transcript Document
Notes 3/25 Essays back end of class Quiz Thursday 3/27 No items today What about those boxes? 1 Today: The Seams of Pangea Close!!! The End of Prehistory!! World Systems Begin!! 2 Spanish and Mexican SW Environmental History • Historical Documents Methods • Spanish Explorers & Climate • Huge cultural & Technological differences • Spanish History and Institutions – Crown and Church • Mexican Period (very brief) 3 Historical Methods: Examples • Inscriptions– El Morro NM • Diaries, including indirect observations – First robin of spring etc. • Governmental records (census) • Church Records (birth/death/marriage) • Private estate records (taxes) • Land survey records/scarred trees 4 Historical Methods: Eyewitness Accounts • • • • • Temporal proximity? Spatial proximity? Expert or amateur? Changes in recorders? Scaled data or opinions? – 28°F. vs. “Very cold” 5 Historical Documents: Can They Be Trusted? • Purpose of document? • Biased recorder? – Extreme events – Budget motives • Was the witness willing to tell the truth? • Independent corroboration** KEY*** 6 Worlds Collide: Columbian Consequences • Columbus—1492,1493, 1498, 1502 Cortez—1521-Mexico Pizarro—1532--Peru http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/ 7 Spanish Explorers/Colonizers of the Southwest • Alvar Nunez de Cabeza de Vaca Francisco Vázquez de Coronado don Juan de Oñate don Diego de Vargas 8 Spanish Explorers of the Southwest • Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Search for 7 Cities of Cibola – 1540-1542 – 300 Spaniards – 700 Indian Auxiliaries – 1000s of head of Livestock – An INVASION 9 Zuni to Pecos • • • Tucson • Coronado’s Route in AZ? Maps lost Documents vague Names ambiguous – Despoblado ??? – Disease??? Native guides may have been lost – No longer familiar with AZ Highlands? Culiacan 10 Coronado and Climate Chama=Red, Jemez=Black 1532-1548 11 1598: Don Juan de Oñate • Lead 500 colonists from Mexico to New Mexico • Livestock, supplies • Traveled through Rio Grande Pueblo country • First Spanish settlement in the American Southwest, near Santa Fe. • Fighting between the Spanish and Native Americans--- Acoma 12 Onate and Climate Chama=Red, Jemez=Black 1598 1610 13 Revolt and Reconquest encomienda= tribute repartimiento=paid forced labor • 1680 Pueblo Revolt – Puebloans organized and revolted against Spanish settlements – Pope-- Pecos – Spaniards retreated to El Paso • 1692 Reconquest – don Diego de Vargas 14 Conflict and Climate 1680 1692 15 Yalu’s Question? • Intelligence? – Racist • Technological ability? – Proximate • Cold vs. warm climate? – Exceptions exist 16 Continental Axes Differ • Easier to share ideas & plants across longitude • Latitudinal sharing hindered by climate, environmental barriers 17 Domestication dates • Early in Eurasia • Late in the Americas – Little independent domestication in SW 18 Mammalian Domestication • Few candidates in the Americas (Llama, Alpaca) • In the SW: turkey and dog only 19 Infectious Disease • Eurasians evolved with it, Americans didn’t • Germs could invade prior to the people • Devastating– 95% Mortality? 20 Modern Homework: Disease Influenza Pandemic 1918 • Killed: 20 M world wide • Infected 25% of pop • Killed 600,000 US Most deaths: Sept-Nov Most deaths: 20-40 y/olds 21 According to Diamond: • Environmental determinism – Grand-scale geography key • Eurasians had environmental advantages – Domesticated plants and animals early – Shared ideas easily – Developed metallurgy and writing – Co-evolved with infectious diseases • Dominated Americans at first contact 22 Environmental Determinism (ED) vs. Environmentalism • ED = Environment sole determinant – Equatorial cultures unproductive: hot – Temperate cultures productive cooler – Racist, now discredited • Environmentalism – Environmental exerts influence, but not sole determinant – Culture plays a major role 23 More Spanish Explorers of the Southwest • Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino – 1692-1711 – Reached Tucson – Jesuit – Technology – Livestock – Agriculture What did he see? 24 Spanish Presidios • Military Forts • Protection – Indian Raiding • Livestock (cattle, horses) abundant • Farming nearby • Tucson, Tubac, El Paso • Ended in 1821. 25 Spanish Missions • San Xavier del Bac (White Dove of the Desert) – Kino 1692 – 1770s rebuilt by Franciscans – Just SW of Tucson – Still active church – Still active farming • Tumacácori. http://www.smrc-missiontours.com/ 26 European Native American Exchange • • • • • • • • Cattle, Horses Sheep, Goats, Pigs Citrus, Figs Metal tools Guns Distilled Alcohol Epidemic Diseases Writing 27 Native American European Exchange • • • • • • • Corn Beans Squash Turkey Chili Pepper Tomatillo Sunflower • • • • • • • Walnut Acorn Mesquite Bean Agave Pine Nut Amaranth Chocolate 28 1800s Historical Dates • • • • Mexican Independence Mexican-American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Gadsden Purchase 1821 1846 1848 1854 29 Mexican Independence, 1821 • Several large stock grants in AZ, 1820s • Abandoned 1830s and 1840s – Apache raiding 30 Spanish-Mexican SW • Historical observations of people and environments – Not without limitations • Introduction of new environmental facets – Domesticated animals – Wheat – Diseases • Beginning of grazing in SW 31