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PowerPoint® Lecture prepared by Jan Campbell THE BASI CS SIXTH EDITION Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions: Risks and Responsibilities Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 14 Assessing Your Disease Risks • Risk Factors You Can’t Control • Heredity • Aging • Environmental conditions • Organism resistance Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Assessing Your Disease Risks • Risk Factors You Can Control (continued) • Stress • Nutrition • Physical activity • Sleep • Drug use • Personal hygiene Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pathogens: Routes of Transmission • Transmission • Direct contact • Indirect contact • Auto-inoculate yourself • Airborne contacts • Food-borne pathogens • Animal-borne pathogens • Interspecies pathogens • Water-borne diseases Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pathogens: Routes of Transmission • Bacteria • Single-celled organisms • Staphylococcal infections • Streptococcal infections • Pneumonia • Legionnaire’s disease • Tuberculosis • Periodontal disease Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pathogens: Routes of Transmission • Viruses • Smallest pathogens • Protein structures • Common cold • Influenza • Infectious Mononucleosis • Hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV) • Measles Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pathogens: Routes of Transmission • Other Pathogens • Fungi • Protozoa • Parasitic worms • Prions Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well • Physical and Chemical Defenses • Skin • Enzymes • Body temperature • Linings of the body Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well • The Immune System: Your Body Fights Back • Immunity • Antigens • Antibodies • Immunoglobulins • Humoral immune response • Cell-mediated immunity • Lymphocytes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well • Fever • Rises in temperature can be harmful if extreme • High temperatures can destroy some disease causing organisms • Stimulates more white blood cell production • Why is it important to allow a fever to continue, if it isn’t extreme? Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well • Pain • Response to either direct or referred pain • Most often accompanied by inflammation • Vaccine • Vaccination and T- and B-cell memory • Acquired immunity • Natural immunity Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Emerging and Resurgent Diseases • Tiny Microbes: Lethal Threats • Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis) • Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever • Ebola • Cryptosporidium • Escherichia coli 0157:H7 • Cholera Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Emerging and Resurgent Diseases • Tiny Microbes: Lethal Threats (continued) • Hantavirus • Bioterrorism: The New Global Threat • West Nile Virus • SARS • HIV/AIDS Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • History • Also called STDs, or venereal diseases • 20 known types of STIs • 16.2 million cases in 1999 (CDC) • Possible Causes: Why Me? • Moral stigma • Casual attitude toward sex • Ignorance about infections/symptoms Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • Modes of Transmission • Sexual intercourse • Oral-genital • Genital to hand • Mouth to mouth Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Signs or Symptoms of an STI Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.3 Sexually Transmitted Infections • Chlamydia • 4 million infected annually • Many display no symptoms • Secondary damage can lead to sterility • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) • Describes a number of infections of the uterus/fallopian tubes/ovaries • Can result from untreated infections • Nonsexual causes: excessive douching, substance abuse, smoking Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • Gonorrhea • Most common STI • $1.1 billion a year in health care costs • Early treatment: antibiotics Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • Syphilis • Caused by a bacterial organism • Spirochete known as Treponema pallidum • Stages: primary, secondary, latent, late • Treatment: antibiotics (penicillin) • Pubic Lice • “Crabs” • Small parasites which deposit eggs in pubic hair Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • Genital HPV • Genital warts • Among most common STIs • Two types: full-blown and flat warts • Tendency for dysplasia, changes in cells that can lead to precancerous conditions Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • Candidiasis (Moniliasis) • Yeast-like fungus caused by Candida albicans • Symptoms: severe itching, burning, swelling • Trichomoniasis • Caused by a protozoan • Half of American men and women carry this organism • Many remain symptom-free Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • General Urinary Tract Infections • Sexual transmission • Can also be caused by invading organisms in the genital area • Herpes • Family of infections • Sores and eruptions of the skin • Genital Herpes: herpes simplex virus • Preventing herpes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • HIV/AIDS • Global health problem • Over 18 million have died of AIDS • 14 million struggle with the disease • A Shifting Epidemic • Newly found indicator of virus: drop in CD4s, the master immune cell • Improved reporting/accuracy Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • Women and AIDS • Women > risk with infected partner • Women represented 43% of cases in 2000 • Transmission of HIV • Fluid exchange • Engaging in high risk behaviors • Receiving a blood transfusion prior to 1985 • Injecting drugs • Mother-to-infant transmission (perinatal) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • Symptoms of HIV • Incubation time varies greatly • Infants and newborns at risk since immune system not fully developed • For HIV positive adults, AIDS will develop in 8-10 years with no treatment Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • Testing for HIV Antibodies • Blood test known as ELISA • Western blot – follows 2 positive ELISA • These tests detect antibodies • Even with antibodies, not all develop AIDS Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Infections • New Hope for Treatment • New drugs slow progression of virus • Medication is very expensive • Multi-drug treatment exceeds $20,000 per year • Preventing HIV Infection Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Noninfectious Diseases • Chronic Lung Diseases • Dyspnea • Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) • Allergy-Induced Respiratory Problems • Antigen or allergen • Production of antibodies • Hypersensitive reaction • Release of histamines Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steps of an Allergy Response Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4 Noninfectious Diseases • Hay Fever • Example of COPD • Asthma • Long-term chronic inflammatory disorder • Blocked airflow to the lungs • Air pollutants, particulates, smoke can trigger an asthma attack • Most common chronic disease of childhood • #1 cause of hospitalization and absenteeism Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Noninfectious Diseases • Emphysema • Gradual destruction of alveoli • Difficult to exhale • Victim struggles to take in air • Chest cavity expands over time (barrel-chest) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Noninfectious Diseases • Bronchitis • Inflammation of bronchial tubes • Reduced air flow from the lungs • Acute bronchitis – 95% of cases are viral • Chronic bronchitis has a mucous laden cough • Cigarette smoking is often the cause of chronic bronchitis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Noninfectious Diseases • Sleep Apnea • Affects 5% of the general population • Periodic episodes of breathing cessation for 10 seconds or longer • Causes restless sleep, high blood pressure, sleepiness during waking hours, CVD • Prevention: reduce alcohol use, change sleeping position, schedule, medicinal interventions Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neurological Disorders • Headaches • Tension headaches • Migraine headaches • Secondary headaches Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neurological Disorders • Seizure Disorders • Epilepsy • 1% of Americans are epileptic • Types of seizures: • Grand mal • Petit mal • Psychomotor • Jacksonian Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender-Related Disorders • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) • Symptoms vary • Plausible cause: hormones Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender-Related Disorders • Endometriosis • Tends to effect women age 20-40 • Symptoms: • Severe cramping • Irregular periods • Fatigue • Painful intercourse • Characterized by abnormal growth and development of endometrial tissue Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestion-Related Disorders • Diabetes • Pancreas’ role • Diabetes mellitus • Hyperglycemia • Type I • Type II • Gestational diabetes • Risk factors • Controlling diabetes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestion-Related Disorders • Peptic Ulcers • Lesion or wound in body tissue • Chronic • Occur in the stomach lining or duodenum • Helicobacter pylori Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Musculoskeletal Diseases • Arthritis • Strikes 1 in 7 • Osteoarthritis • Rheumatoid arthritis • Fibromyalgia • Chronic, painful • 5-6% affected • Array of symptoms • Difficult to diagnose Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Musculoskeletal Diseases • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) • Immune system attacks the body • Destroys or injures organs • Low Back Pain (LBP) • 80% will experience LBP Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Musculoskeletal Diseases • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) • Feeling tired all the time • Possible psychological roots • Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSIs) • 24% of work injuries • Carpal tunnel most common Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings