Transcript Society and health

Society and health
Health
Health






Explain factors which cause ill
health
Understand the causes of major
health problems in the UK
Describe diabetes, coeliac disease
and osteoporosis.
Describe CHD and risk factors
Explain how diet influences health
Identify reports and advice relating
to health
What is health?





A state of complete physical, social and
mental well-being and not merely the
absence of disease. (WHO, 1948)
WHO broadened this definition in 1986 to:
‘Health is seen as a resource for everyday life, not
the objective of living. It is a positive concept
emphasising social and personal resources as well
as physical capabilities.’
Health promoters have now come to regard
health in broader terms- linking in family values,
aspirations, housing, employment and self esteem
as part of health. To reduce ill health, these
factors need to be addressed.
WHY?
Factors affecting health




Individual factors- fixed factors- genetic makeup,
gender and age. No control/ can’t do anything about
them
Behaviour and lifestyle factors- can be modifiedsmoking, alcohol, drugs, exercise, diet and sexual
activity. (some individuals find it difficult to make
healthy choices because of their personal
circumstances.)
Social network- friends and family support.
Issues in society- societal factors, not much control
over- where we live and work, access to health
services, expectations in society.
Incidence and causes of major health
problems.
In the 1900’s, 25% of deaths were caused by infectious
diseases. This compares to only 1% in 2000.
Improvements in housing, health care and sanitation have
contributed to a lower incidence of infectious diseases.
However, deaths from cancer and CHD have
increased. These deaths account for 2/3 of all deaths in
the UK.
 Diet and lifestyle- balanced diet should encourage good
overall health. Poor diet is associated with some cancers,
heart disease, stroke and tooth decay.
 Research suggests that low income households consume
large quantities of foods rich in sugar, salt and fat, and
small amounts of fresh fruit and vegetables. Why do you
think this is?
Obesity- the DoH estimates that obesity is responsible for
more than 9000 deaths per year in England. Obese people
are more likely to suffer from low-self image, social stigma
and reduced mobility, as well as being more prone to CHD,
type 2 diabetes and cancers.

Continued..









Dental decay;
Internationally, tooth decay is a significant health
problem.
Physical activity;
Prevents heart disease, builds healthy bones and
helps maintain good mental health. Physical
inactivity is a risk factor for CHD, stroke, type 2
diabetes, hypertension and mental health problems.
Research shows that higher socio-economic groups
exercise more than low.
Smoking;
Leads to early deaths in England. Greatest number
of deaths occurs in most deprived areas. Smoking is
the main cause of lung cancer and is linked to CHD,
cancer of the mouth, kidney, stomach and pancreas.
What is passive smoking?
Activity 8- page 78
Cont….









Alcohol;
This has been linked to domestic violence, car
accidents, falls and alcohol poisoning. Alcohol
consumption is linked to cancer of the mouth, liver
and breast, CHD and stroke.
Follow DoH recommendations.
Sexual healthTeenage girls living in deprived areas are four times
more likely to fall pregnant than those from affluent
areas.
STI’s are increasing.
DrugsResearch has indicated that deprived people are
more likely to take drugs.
ACTIVITY 5/8
Inequalities in health.






There are health inequalities in the UK. Not
everyone has the same chance to be healthy.
Poverty- more likely to cause ill health- smoking,
drinking and not exercising.
Employment- the employed live longer than the
unemployed. Research has suggested that
unemployment is associated with smoking.
Housing- overcrowding- stress and spread of
infection. Squalor- increase in disease.
Access to health services- deprived areas less likely
to receive suitable health care.
How do the above factors affect health?
Diets for different groups- activity
sheet- activity 1.





What is diabetes (type 1 and 2),
and what diet is needed?
What is coeliac disease? What diet
is needed?
What is osteoporosis? What diet is
needed?
Pages 80-85
What is CHD? What diet is needed?
Health, social and environmental
factors influencing CHD- activity 2 and
3.

Family history
Increasing age
Ethnic background- Asian or black at higher risk.
Gender- men are at greater risk.
Socio-economic disadvantage
Low birth weight
Smoking
High blood pressure
Obesity
Stress
Lack of exercise
High blood cholesterol
Type 2 diabetes

Activity 21- page 89












Diet and lifestyle factors affecting CHD






Type and quantity of fats consumed- trans fats are
very bad for you- from processing margarine,
saturated fat silts up arteries also. Omega 3 oils are
beneficial to health.
Levels of salt- cause High blood pressure.
Levels of calcium- high intake reduces CHD
Alcohol consumption- increases CHD risk
Fruit and vegetables consumption- high intake leads
to a reduction in CHD- fruit and veg contains
ANTIOXIDANTS which prevent CHD.
ACTIVITY 22- page 89
Health education policies and advice




Health of the nation, 1991
A report written to establish the health of people in
society, emphasis was on individuals taking
responsibility for their own health. Preventative
health measures.
Health was measured by life expectancy, current
dietary trends- Fat and salt consumption are at present
too high in general, and fruit and vegetables intake too
low , lifestyle and food choices, The ‘eat well plate’ and
physical exercise.
Activity 24
Choosing health


The government has attempted to address illhealth by introducing legislation, strategies and
policies to change our behaviour. One of these
ways was ‘Choosing health: making healthy
choices easier’, 2004.
This outlined the fact that there has been a sharp
rise in obesity, slow decline in smoking, growing
problems with alcohol, teenage pregnancy and
STI’s. it also identified key health priorities:
reduce the number of people who smoke, reduce
obesity, increase exercise, encourage and support
sensible drinking, improve sexual and mental
health.
How can the government help?






Give information
Help children and young people to be
healthy
Help local communities- NHS/local
organisations
Make health a way of life
Help people be healthy in work and help
people get a job.
Emphasis should be on people making
informed choices.
Health Strategies.







The 5 a day programme- 5 pieces of fruit and veg a
day is recommended.
The school fruits and vegetables scheme- all 4-6 year
olds are entitled to a free piece of fruit or vegetable
each school day.
Personal advice- NHS train- healthy eating
Interventions- government to make unhealthy food
less appealing.
Healthy start- replaces welfare food scheme, those who
claim benefits, are pregnant or under 18 can claim free
vouchers every week that can be swapped for fresh
fruit and vegetables, milk and infant formula.
The School Food Trust- transform school food, promote
education. A new set of food based standards is to
be introduced in Primary schools by Sept 2008
and in secondary schools by Sept 2009. Looked at
preventing Obesity in childhood.
What are they? Page 96
Other initiatives:





The National Healthy Schools Programme4 themes- PSHE, Healthy eating, Physical
activity, Emotional health and well-being.
We have passed the NQA for healthy
schools.
The Walk Once a Week Scheme (WoW)
Cycling to school.
Extended schools- breakfast club
Schools own initiative.
Value of health education policies




Improve nations health
Put less burden on NHS- reduce
health costs.
Logos- eat well plate, 5 a day on
packaging- accessible to all.
Activity 31.