Transcript AVIAN INFLUENZA UPDATE & CONTROL STRATEGIES

AVIAN INFLUENZA UPDATE &
CONTROL STRATEGIES
Fred. L. Musisi & William Amanfu
RIACSO (FAO)-Pretoria/Animal Health Service
FAO/UN
Pretoria-South Africa/Rome-Italy
March 7, 2006
Pretoria-South Africa
Presentation Outline
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Avian influenza: the disease
History of the disease
Current situation
FAO response
Conclusion
Avian Influenza: History of the disease
• Avian Influenza (AI) has been recognized as a
highly lethal viral disease of poultry since
1901.
1955: a specific type (A) of influenza virus was
identified as the causal agent of what was
then called “fowl plague”
• Current outbreaks started in 2004 in South
Asia
Avian Influenza: History of the disease
• Comparing to the recent crisis, most of
the previous outbreaks have shown very
limited spread (UK: 1991)
However….
• Hong Kong 1997: HPAI caused serious
disease in both people and poultry in
– 18 human cases were recorded with 6 fatal cases
Avian Influenza: the disease
Aetiology:
• Viruses of Avian Influenza (AI) are found in
the family Orthomyxoviridae.
• Orthomixoviridae are classified into
types A, B, C
• AI virus belongs to type A
Avian Influenza: the disease
Virulence:
Two distinct groups with ability to cause disease in chicken:
• Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) “fowl plague”;
Virus restricted to H5, H7 (Notifiable HPAI)
Mortality may be as high as 100%
• Low pathogenic avian influenza (Notifiable LPAI) e.g. H5N2
Cause much milder disease
Avian Influenza: the disease
Natural hosts:
• Ducks, Domestic
fowl, geese,
turkeys, guinea
fowl, quail,
pheasants.
• Wild birds
CURRENT SITUATION IN NIGERIA
• Index case in Jaji-Kaduna State on February 7, 2006-Confirmation
of H5N1 from OIE/FAO Avian Flu Collaborating Centre, Padova-Italy
•
6 more states (Kano, Bauchi, Plateau, Nasarawa, Yobe, Federal
Capital Territory) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria so far affected.
• Current control policy is Stamping Out with compensation and
movement restrictions. Option of vaccination being considered by
Government.
• FAO,OIE/AU-IBAR, WHO-CDC, USDA, USAID, EU are providing
technical and logistic support.
• Outbreak of H5N1 confirmed in Niger believed to be an extension of
that in Nigeria.
SITUATION IN NIGER
Countries Reporting HPAI in February 2006
Date of Report
Country
Species
Affected
Human Cases
Virus Type
27/02/06
Niger
Chickens
No
H5N1
No
H5N1
Malaysia
20/02/06
Austria
Swan/Poultry
No
H5N1
20/02/06
B/Herzegovina
Swan
No
H5N1
19/02/06
Egypt
Chickens
No
H5N1
18/02/06
India
Poultry
No
H5N1
18/02/06
Slovenia
Swan
No
H5
16/02/06
Germany
Swan
No
H5N1
15/02/06
Iran
No
H5N1
15/02/06
Azerbaijan
Wild birds
No
H5N1
13/02/06
Greece
Red Breasted
Goose
No
H5N1
11/02/06
Italy
Mute Swans
No
H5N1
06/02/06
Nigeria
Chickens
No
H5N1
FAO RESPONSE TO CHANGE IN DYNAMICS OF
SPREAD OF HPAI
•
International workshops, Coordinating Meetings,
Epidemiological and economic impact analysis
•EMPRES/FAO Early warning Messages on potential spread of
HPAI through migratory birds.
• Donor appeal-Rome, Geneva, Beijing
• Increased interaction-WCS/WI/WWF• OFFLU
•National & Regional TCPs-Asia
•Rapid approval of 5 TCPs Southern Europe/Africa:
•Caucasus to be coordinated from Hungary
•Middle East to be coordinated from Beirut-Lebanon
•Northern Africa to be coordinated from Cairo-Egypt
•Eastern/Southern Africa to be coordinated from Nairobi-Kenya
•Western/Central Africa to be coordinated from Bamako-Mali
Global Framework for the Progressive
control of Transboundary Animal Diseases
GF-TADs [FAO-OIE]
•To improve the protein food security, alleviate
poverty, and improve the incomes of countries
•Safeguard the world livestock industry (of
developed as well as developing countries) from
repeated shocks of infectious animal disease
epidemics
•Promoting safe and globalized trade in livestock
and animal products
•Controlling TADs at source
KEY ELEMENTS OF HPAI PROJECTS IN
REGIONS AT RISK
•AI disease surveillance (laboratory /field)Capacity building for rapid detection
•Emergency preparedness plans
•Public awareness creation.
•Surveillance of migratory bird flyway patterns
•Risk assessment of potential dangers of
disease spread
NATIONAL TCPs:
• Disease situation
• Support to diagnostic
and surveillance
• Design strategies and
contingency planning
• Training
• Equipment
A Global Strategy for the
Progressive Control of Highly
Pathogenic Avian Influenza
Response of countries to HPAI
outbreaks
•
Control measures undertaken by
countries:
–
stamping out-culling impose quarantine and rapid
surveillance of to determine extent of spread, close and
disinfect markets. Sick and dead birds should not enter the
human food chain
–
Quarantine and movement control: tightly controlled
quarantine on all places suspected of being infected. Use of
security agents and custom officials.
Movement of farm workers who keep poultry at home
–
Biosecurity Measures Disinfection processes-Bioexclusion
–
Vaccination (China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Vietnam others in
Europe).
Biosecurity
Biosecurity
Is a challenge to prevent spread of this
infection to chickens.
One of the most common breaks in biosecurity is
the entry of people bringing in contaminated
materials (clothes, shoes, soil on hands) to where
susceptible animals are kept.
Vaccination
Major support strategy when the disease has spread to such an extent that
•It has overwhelmed the resources of national governments
•Or the economic cost of widespread slaughter campaign cannot be borne.
•If used in accordance with the FAO/OIE standards, vaccines are effective
provide excellent protection against clinical disease in chicken by reducing
mortality and and production losses.
Vaccination
•Vaccination of poultry also reduces the viral load in the environment
and thereby decreases the risk of transmission to poultry and
humans
•Depending on the incidence and distribution of outbreaks,
vaccination may be undertaken around outbreak (ring vaccination)
and through out the poultry population (Mass Vaccination)
•Sentinels poultry may be used to monitor the effect of vaccination in
addition to cloacal swab and serological testing
Vaccination
When deciding to use AI vaccine in poultry,
•a simple animal health algorithm, in decreasing order of application, should be used:
•high risk situations - e.g. as ring vaccination outside the outbreak zone;
•rare captive birds, such as those in zoological collections;
•valuable genetic poultry stock, such as pure lines or grandparent stocks whose
individual value is high;
•long-lived poultry, such as egg layers or parent breeders; and
•meat production poultry
CONCLUSION
•
The Avian influenza crisis is currently one of the
most important public health issues of our time
with tremendous implications for peoples’
livelihoods and socio-economic impacts.
•
These require effective inter-sectoral collaboration
between the Ministries of Agriculture and Health of
countries in order to solve the problems associated
with these outbreaks.
THANK
YOU