Transcript India - Pegasus @ UCF

World Map (Physical Features)
The World
Eurasia
India
Sitar (Northern India)
Sitar
(playing
position)
Sitar
(close-up
of frets)
Sitar
(multiple
views)
Vina (or Veena) (Southern India)
Vina
(playing
position)
Tabla
(North
Indian)
Tabla
(playing
position)
Mridangam (South Indian)
Mridangam
(playing
position)
Pakhavaj (North Indian)
Sarod (North Indian)
Sarod
Sarod (playing position)
Tampura/Tanpura/Tambura
Tampura
(playing
position)
Santoor
Bansuri
Indian Classical Performance
• Improvisation (not pre-composed)
• Pitch – based on Raga (scales, but more)
• Rhythm – based on Tala (meters, but
more)
• Process of “unfolding” the Raga
- movement from low to high
- rhythmic movement from slow to fast
Roles of the Performers
• Veena (south) or Sitar (north) –
leader/soloist
• Tambura – drone (primary pitches)
• Tabla (north) or Mridangam (south) –
rhythm and secondary soloist
• Other secondary soloists (Sarod, etc.)
may be added
Organization of the
Improvisation
• Alap – opening section, free rhythm (no
drums), establishes the Raga
• Jor (Jod) – drums enter, regular rhythm
(Tala) established
• Jahla – fast, virtuosic concluding section
• Gat – fixed (pre-composed) tune featured
in last section
Two Classical Improvisations
• YouTube - Ravi Shankar on the Dick Cavett
Show (4:46)
• YouTube - Ustad Shahid Parvez (6:03)
Pitch
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Emphasis on the melodic (single notes in time)
Asthagi – emphasis on “home”
Antara – moving upward
Abhog – “home” again
Octave divides into 22 steps (West uses 12)
RAGA
• Like a (western) scale, but….MORE
• Not just pitch, but HOW one moves through
them
• May include specific melodic patterns
• May ascend and descend in different ways
• Usually 5-7 notes, ordered hierarchically
Raga (cont’d)
• SA = home (Vadi = “King”) [drone]
• MA (4th) or PA (5th) = second level
(Samvadi = “Minister”)[drone]
• Anuvadi Svaras = third level
(“Servants” – define the raga)
• Vivadi svaras = foreign notes
(“Enemies” – not to be used)
Classification of Ragas
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•
•
•
Over 120,000 ragas (claimed)
Better described as a few hundred families
Most performers know only a few dozen
Associated and controlled by externals
- season of year
- time of day
- mood evoked
Some Classical Improvisations
• YouTube - Ustad Amjad Ali Khan Vol 2- Live
At Pune (47:02) – Sarod
• YouTube - Live at Pune - Pt Shiv Kumar
Sharma and Ustad Zakir Hussein (1:00) Santur
RHYTHM
• Based on Rhythmic cycles (similar to
Meter…but much MORE)
• Division of time by regular beats (MATRA)
• 1st beat of cycle [most important] (SAM)
• One group of beats [measure] (VIBHAG),
[not all cycles of equal weight]
• Complete cycle (AVARTAN)
• Each cycle a unique pattern (TAL or TALA)
SOME DIFFERENT TALA
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•
•
•
•
•
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Teental = 16 (4 + 4 + 4 + 4) [most common]
Adachautal = 14 (2+4+4+4)
Adi Tal = 8 (4+2+2)
Dadra tal = 6 (3 + 3)
Ektal = 12 (2+2+2+2+2+2)
Jhaptal = 10 (2+3+2+3)
Rupak Tal = 7 (3+2+2)
Sultal = 10 (2+3+2+3)
COUNTING TALA
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•
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Not all Matra (beats) are equal
1st beat of cycle [most important] (SAM)
Not all Vibhag (measures) are equal
Tali (clap) = strong beginning to Vibhag
Khali (wave) = weak beginning to Vibhag
Remainder of Matra in Vibhag counted on
fingers (begin w/ little finger)
COUNTING TEENTAL
• CLAP 2 3 4
• CLAP 2 3 4
• WAVE 2 3 4
• CLAP 2 3 4
COUNTING ADI TAL
• CLAP 2 3 4
• WAVE 2
• WAVE 2
COUNTING DADRA TAL
• CLAP 2 3
• WAVE 2 3
COUNTING JHAPTAL
• CLAP 2
• CLAP 2 3
• WAVE 2
• CLAP 2 3
COUNTING RUPAK TAL
• WAVE 2 3
• CLAP 2
• CLAP 2
Tabla
(playing
position)
TABLA
“Tabla”
(“on the right”)
“Duggi”
(“on the left”)
Modern Tabla (“bolt tuned”)
List price: $ 418 (on sale: $ 313 plus S&H)
Learning & Playing Tabla
• Taught by rote (no written music used)
• Variety of strokes
- area of drum head struck
- finger(s) used
- manner of stroke
• Taught Mnenomically with “Bols”
• Ex.: Dha, Din, Ga, Ta, Na, Ti, Ka, Tin, Tu, etc.
• YouTube video
Web & Video Examples of Tala
• Website: Basic Technique of Tabla
• YouTube - Zakir Hussain lecture and demonstration
of tabla
• YouTube - 1.Tabla Basics - Basic sound 'Na‘
• YouTube - 2.Tabla Basics - Basic sound 'Tha‘
• YouTube - 3.Tabla Basics - Basic sound 'Thun'
• YouTube - 4.Tabla Basics - Basic sound 'Thi'
• YouTube - 5.Tabla Basics - Basic sound 'ghe'
• YouTube - Ustad Zakir Hussain -- Vintage Teental
Solo
David Courtney Videos
• YouTube - Introduction to the Tabla - Part 1 Bol and Gharana (skip to about 1:25 to begin)
• YouTube - Introduction to the Tabla - Part 2Parts and Tuning
• YouTube - Introduction to the Tabla - Part 3 Sitting & Hand Position
Learning Music in India
• Master / pupil (one-to-one relationship)
• Emphasis on Rote learning / perfection of
technique
• Master (North = Ustad)
• Master (South = Guru)
• YouTube - George Harrison's sitar-lesson with
Ravi Shankar
• Reflects history of India